Wal-Mart Performance

Globalization has had a positive impact on planning in Wal-mart organization. This is because Wal-mart stakeholders are able to estimate the profit it can make by allowing its cheaply manufactured and inexpensive goods and services to cross the borders and reach other countries of the world. (James, 1999) defines industry attractiveness as the prevailing situation in the core business of an organization which favors the specific organization for example in monotheistic business environment, a business is more likely to be favor in terms of business performance since it can manipulate market forces to its advantage. Even in a market environment, less than 4 competitors are likely to influence the market situation to their advantage hence creating an attractive market environment. Wal-Mart’s performance has been termed as sterling by many business analysts. The chain has recorded a profit after taxes of above $200 billion. By applying concepts like vendor managed inventories as well as just-in-time concept, Wal-Mart has continued to maintain leadership in the retail market in the US. Wal-Mart endeavors to remain a low-cost retailer, and by that it has been very effective in maintaining market attractiveness. By all means Wal-Mart has achieved low cost retail prices mostly because it manages to source goods at the best possible market prices. This is possible through the strategy of replenishing stock daily in which it allows its key suppliers to access data on sales, which in turn ensures that stocks are supplied just in time. Wal-Mart has successfully cut expenses in that it is able to save costs which would otherwise have gone to hiring warehouses, paying for the storage and security of the goods in warehouses, the costs which goes with insurance as well as the risk of destruction resulting from fire, and other natural calamities as well as expiry of perishable goods. By paying the suppliers based on what is sold the company ensures a zero cost in inventories, this in turns affords the company an opportunity to lower prices since there are less expenditures. In long term, this contributes to industry attractiveness. The other area in which the company has achieved competitive advantage is in terms of adapting information systems. By doing that, Wal-Mart, has become a low cost producer in that it achieves effectiveness and therefore minimizing losses. The organization has set out to be a market leader. In terms of incorporating information technology, Wal-Mart has computerized its purchasing systems to incorporate E-purchasing. As a purchasing strategy, e-purchasing is economically reliable and cost effective. Compared to a competitor who does have not adopted the e-purchasing concept, Wal-mart has been able to save a lot of money and time. According to (Kendel, 2004), competitive advantage also depends on how companies utilize and take advantage of the buyer power. To this end, Wal-Mart has outshone all its competitors in that, it is refuted to be one of the organizations in the US, which has been able to get suppliers to act according to its terms. In fact some have argued that, it manipulates and coerces suppliers to enter into concessions, which end up benefiting the retailer but harming the suppliers. In terms of the threat of substitutes, it is widely believed that, Wal-Mart no longer competes with any one, it has taken virtual control and is a major player of the US economy leave alone the retail business. In terms of supplier power, the suppliers are no longer able to contain the pressure from Wal-Mart; there have been reports of CEO’s agreeing to terms, which end up harming their businesses. Wal-Mart as earlier mentioned often coerces its suppliers into deals, this is not the case with its competitors which do not necessarily have the power to match it. Finally Wal-Mart unlike so many of its rivals have been able to penetrate with ease and so far commands a good share of the retail business in the US. However, it is Wal-Mart’s expansive sales returns that continue to put it ahead of competitors in that, they can powerfully bargain with suppliers for best offers, which on their part the competitors cannot match. By integrating IT through out the whole retail chain Wal-mart ensures that, its partners are free and feel respected and therefore trade is done in an environment of cordial relationships. With a retail network of over 140 branches all over the world, the management styles as well Wal-Mart's purchasing, distribution and warehousing, in-store operations, marketing, Information Technology, Human Resource Management, and organization and management systems/style have to be maintained at a high notch. Otherwise, it would be impossible for the outlets to achieve unity of purpose. With such a huge work force, success can only be achieved only if there is proper human resource management. The organization has introduced performance based pay, which has gone down very well with the employees. A well motivated staff is the greatest asset for a company and therefore Wal-Mart has been able to achieve that through introducing modern employee management systems which aims at ensuring that, the best staff are retained and also that, staff get well compensated for their hard-work. This has given Wal-Mart a cutting edge advantage, in that, it is able to attract and keep the best workers. In terms of supplies, Wal-Mart has been able to cut lead time after streamlining its supply chain management. By doing that, Wal-Mart have come to be regarded as the industries leaders in terms of efficiency and cost cutting. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc is the world’s largest retailer with over $200 billion worthy of annual sales. The organization has adopted various strategies to become and remain a market leader in the industry. Of all strategies, it is its low cost of products that has made the biggest contribution to its market attractiveness as well as its competitive advantage. Human resource management. According to available statistics, the company has over 1. 3 million employees also known as associates, it is spends a lot on employee development something which gives it a competitive edge as one of the most preferred employers. Wal-Mart has been ranked by the Fortune magazine as one of the most admired places in the world. This translates to attractiveness to both business partners and customers. Also as a strategy in supplies management the organization has avoided reliance on single suppliers but has instead engaged different suppliers. This helps in ensuring that, the suppliers do not dictate the terms since they are aware that they can be substituted. This is effective in that, it becomes very hard for suppliers to collaborate and decide the terms for the organization. Wal-Mart also ensures proper communication through the setting up of a satellite network, which interlinks all its branches to a central command. This has seen the company investing heavily in information technology, which in return has ensured that the company achieves economies of scale. Competitive advantage. Kmart is one of the key competitors which has found the going getting tough and has almost been left struggling to remain in business. The fact that, Wal-Mart controls over 70% of the retail business clearly shows that, the competition is not as stiff. Therefore, Wal-Mart is poised to remain a force even into the foreseeable future. The threats which it should deal with and undertake to solve include: negative publicity in that, the fact that it drives many other businesses out of business can lead to harmful price wars which could lead to the company loosing its current market share. Management Systems Several, problems and challenges such as shoplifting caused the company to invest in costly surveillance systems aimed at addressing the arising issues. Managers at Wal-Mart are motivated in that, the organization always rewards creativity and effort as well as originality. This has been a plus for the company as productivity is always related with highly motivated staff as well as employees who can identify well with the organization. Its people-friendly approach has led to such a good relationships with customers that, a very loyal client base has been achieved. By adopting new technology, production, administration and leadership in the company are one of the best in the world. The styles from other successful organizations of the world so that it can experience great success. Wal-Mart has now heavily invested in technology like computerized tracking systems, which enables them to track supply and monitor progress. Wal-Mart has experienced rapid growth partly due to a human resource policy, which handles. Globalization has enabled the organnization to expand the organization from rural small towns to urban areas. Also Wal-Mart enjoys a very loyal consumer base. Globalization has also enabled the leadership of Wal-Mart to expand the organization to so many areas externally, where they attract a lot of customers therefore making lots of profit. This has been achieved by lowering the prices of the goods, as a result of global nature of manufacturing. In terms of sustainability, Wal-Mart’s strategy is market tested and it is very likely that, customers will always go for cheaper quality and therefore the strategy of low-cost will lead the organization from success to success. The fact that, Wal-Mart does not spend on inventories but uses a system where by delivery of goods is done by the suppliers saves the company a lot of money. This affects prices f commodities in that, so many suppliers want to engage the organization in business and therefore are willing to operate under terms that the organization dictates. Wal-Mart although has been favored by globalization needs to be wary of emerging issues such as the ones touching on ethics. Other threats for Wal-Mart include: Ethically, it has been accused of oppressing suppliers to an extent whereby, they are forced to lay-off employees hence causing joblessness as well as leading to closure of manufacturing plants on the US in favor of imports which are cheaper and therefore can be distributed to the retailer at much cheaper rates. Bargaining power is another crucial strength for the company, it virtually controls all the decisions or contracts entered with other companies that is, suppliers. Wal-Mart engages in a continuous improvement campaign in what consumers view as being on the move every time. To consumers and customers, this is viewed as an advantage since they know that every time the retailer makes a move, prices drop and therefore the company is seen as a better option by many. Efficiency is one factor that Wal-Mart has achieved by investing in modern systems. The company has been able to transact business worldwide with ease while at the same time minimizing cost. The fact that Wal-Mart has created a positive image for itself has ensured a constant demand for services and goods something which competitors have not been able to match. Wal-Mart has maintained a public image and therefore this helps.

Jeffrey Dahmer Research Paper Essay

Jeffrey Dahmer was a notorious serial killer in the late 70’s throughout the early 90’s. What made him stand out from most serial killer’s was what he did to the bodies of his victims. During this research paper, I will cover his childhood life, what led to his lifestyle of killing and cannibalism and also the crimes that were committed during his murderous acts. I will also compare what theories relate to Jeffrey Dohmer and what could possibly be the reason why he did what he did. Childhood life Jeffrey Dahmer was born in Milwaukee on May 21, 1960 with two loving parents by the name of Lionel and Joyce Dahmer. He seemed like an ordinary child until the age of six, when he had a minor surgery and also when his mother gave birth to his brother. This is when his self-confidence seemed to be lacking. He started to isolate himself from other people and became very anti-social. He went from an outgoing social child to a loner who was uncommunicative and withdrawn. By his early teenage years, he seemed disengaged, tense and friendless (biography.com). In 1966, the Dahmer family moved to Bath, Ohio where Jeffrey’s insecurities continued to grow and his shyness kept him from making friends. Here is where he became fascinated with animals and started collecting road kill and stripping the animal’s carcasses and saving the bones (crime.about.com/od/serial/a/dahmer.htm). He began dissecting animals near his home in the woods on a regular basis. High School/ Young Adulthood Dahmer continued his anti-social behaviors throughout the start of his years at Revere High School. He maintained average grades and seemed to be a fairly normal teenager. He worked on the school newspaper but also developed a bad drinking problem. He was known as a model student, respectful, polite, and well groomed. Overtime, he became less interested in school and his social life really decreased. In the summer of 1978, Dahmer graduated from high school. His parents divorced just short of his 18th birthday. After high school Dahmer enrolled at Ohio State University and spent most of his time skipping classes and getting drunk. After a couple of semesters, he decided to drop out of college and to return home with his father. After an ultimatum was given to him by his father, he decided to join the Army. He signed up on a six year contract, but after two years he was discharged due to his drunken behaviors (crime.about.com/od/serial/a/dahmer.htm). Murder #1 Dahmer struggled with his own homosexual desires, mixed with his need to fulfill his appalling fantasies. His first murder was that of a hitchhiker he picked up. He was 19 year old Steven Hicks. He invited him to his father’s house in which they had some alcoholic drinks and then engaged in sex. Following their sexual acts, when Hicks was ready to leave, Dahmer bashed him in the head with a barbell and killed him. He cut up his victim’s body and placed it in garbage bags. He buried all Hicks body parts in the neighboring woods surrounding his father’s home. It would be nine years later before committing his second murder. In this particular murder, some of the additional crimes committed against the victim are, false imprisonment and kidnapping. False imprisonment is when someone reasonably believes they are restricted from movement. Steven Hicks voluntarily went with Dahmer to his father’s house. But when Hicks was ready to leave, at the point before Dahmer bashed Hicks in the head, I believe he felt he was restricted to leave at that brief moment before being killed. He is also guilty of kidnapping because Hicks was restricted from leaving by Dahmer before the attack took place. Murder #2 Dahmer’s second murder occurred in September of 1987 when he picked up a 26 year old man by the name of Steven Tuomi at a bar. Dahmer claimed he killed him on impulse and later stated he had no memory of committing this crime. After this particular murder, Dahmer’s murderous rampage begins to occur sporadically. Two murders in 1988, another in 1989 and his method were consistent to picking up his victim’s at gay bars. He had sex with all of his victim’s before and sometimes after killing them. Final Murder/ Arrest In May of 1990, he moved out of his grandmother’s house and into the apartment that later became notorious for his killings. He committed four more murders before the end of 1990 and two more in April of 1991, and another in May of 1991 (answers.com). On May 27, 1991, 14 year old Konerak Sinthasomphone was seen on the street, wandering naked, obviously under the influence of drugs and bleeding heavily. Two females from the neighborhood spotted him and called 911. Dahmer approached and tried to convince the women he was ok and attempted to take the boy away. The women stopped him until police arrived. Dahmer told responding police the Konerak was his 19 year old boyfriend and they had an argument while drinking. The police were convinced of Dahmer’s story and they released the boy back to him against the two women’s will. Later that night, Dahmer killed and dismembered Konerak’s body and kept his skull as a souvenir (answers.com). In this particular murder, Dahmer was also guilty of false imprisonment and kidnapping. The 14 year old boy Konerak was attempting to escape from Dahmer until he convinced the police that everything was ok and proceeded to take the drugged boy back with him. At this point kidnapping took place because Konerak was restricted from leaving when he was taken by Dahmer back to his place. False imprisonment also takes place because Konerak felt he could not leave from Dahmer’s captivity once he got hold of him again. The police in my opinion were guilty of Negligence by not further investigating the incident properly. The legal Definition of Negligence is conduct that falls below the standards of behavior established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. In the summer of 1991, Dahmer was killing approximately one person per week. Dahmer came up with a theory that he could turn his victim’s into zombies. He attempted to accomplish this by drilling a hole in his victim’s head while their still alive and injecting hydrochloric acid into the frontal lobe area of their brains with a large syringe (answers.com). Surrounding neighbors of Dahmer constantly smelled bad odors coming from his residence. They also heard sounds such as drills or power saws. Final Attempt/ Arrest On July 22, 1991, Dahmer enticed another man into his home in attempt to make him another victim of his sick fantasies. Tracy Edwards was the name of the potential of Dahmer. There was a struggle between Dahmer and Edwards when Dahmer attempted to handcuff his wrist together. Dahmer had him at knife point and forced him into his bedroom. When Edwards saw the pictures of the mangled bodies on the walls and noticed the terrible smell coming from a large blue barrel. He punched Dahmer in the face, kicked him in the stomach, and ran out the door and escaped (Answers.com). He ran down the streets with handcuffs still hanging from one hand and waved down a patrol car. The police were led to Dahmer’s house by Edwards. When police arrived, they saw the photographs of the mangled victim’s bodies and at this time Dahmer was placed under arrest. While investigating, police found a human head in the refrigerator and multiple pictures of severed body parts. Further searching continued and police found three additional severed heads, severed hands, penises, and multiple human remains. This was the breaking point at which the story of Jeffrey Dahmer gained notoriety (Answers.com). This is when the public found out about accusations of his practicing necrophilia and cannibalism. Jeffrey Dahmer was indicted on 17 counts of murder and later reduced to 15. The attempt murder of Edwards was not tried in court. Dahmer’s trial began on January 30, 1992. The evidence against him was so incriminating, Dahmer plead not guilty due to reason of insanity. His trial lasted only 2 weeks and he was found guilty of 15 counts of murder and was sentenced to 15 consecutive life terms. He expressed remorse for his acts and said he wished he was dead. In May of 1992, he was extradited to Ohio, where he pleaded guilty to the murder of his first victim, Stephen Hicks (Answers.com). Dahmer’s Death While Dahmer was serving his time at Columbia Correctional Institution in Portage, Wisconsin, he was attacked on two different occasions by fellow prisoners. The first time was when he was returning from a church service. He survived that attack with superficial injuries. The second attack occurred when he was doing janitorial work in the prison gym, he and another inmate was attacked and severely beaten with a broomstick handle on November 28, 1994 by an inmate, Christopher Scarver. Dahmer died of severe head trauma while on his way to the hospital. Dahmer’s brain was then kept an examined for study purposes. Internal factors Internal factors that could have determined why he was subjective to commit such crime were his anti-social behavior. This behavior leads a person to more likely, lie, steal, assault others, and commit violent acts of crime. Anti-social behavior poses a great risk to a person’s physical and mental health. It also puts a person in a higher risk to use drugs, alcohol, and also very promiscuous behavior. Some external factors that could have subjected him to commit his violent acts were his relationships with the outside world. He felt alone and isolated from the outside world which made him want to have control over it by taking in victims and giving himself power over them. I don’t think there is a specific theory that can pinpoint why Jeffrey Dahmer did what he did. The only theory that I believe fits with his behaviors was the fact that he was anti-social and that’s what leads him in the direction he chose to go in. An anti-social person can lead them to a life of crime and violent behaviors. The behavior of Jeffrey Dahmer did fall in this category and his actions that which a normal person would not do shows his anti-social behavior very likely played a big part in his decisions. Theories are not proven beyond a reasonable doubt but they do make sense to an extent and help lead us in the right direction to understand why people that commit crime do what they do. These theories are vital to learning and understanding because it can help a Criminologists determine why Criminal’s such as Jeffrey Dahmer do what they do. Jeffrey Dahmer seemed to have void inside of him that he needed to fill. He felt empowered and satisfied when he took in his victims killing and mutilating their bodies. He was sane because he planned and knew what he was doing when committing the acts and there was definitely intent. Conclusion Jeffrey Dahmer is one of the most notorious serial killer’s today because of the way he went about his crimes. His victims’ families will be haunted by the actions taken by Dahmer. His actions were very disturbing and he needed to be removed from this earth. He is now dead and gone and people in the surrounding areas where he caused all that pain will no longer have to worry about him. Work Cited www.biography.com/people/jeffrey-dahmer-9264755 www.answers.cm/topic/jeffrey-dahmer

Sexual Boundary Violations At Work Place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Sexual Boundary Violations At Work Place - Essay Example Women occupying the relatively higher status in the workplace are also subjected to such misbehavior by men of either same status or higher position. Men always go after power either by conferred status or through acquired status. But women generally do not have an obsession with power. The powerful statuses they occupy in organizations are merely out of their work interest and involvement. Even after occupying a greater powerful position they want to retain it by persisting involvement alone. Women never resort to any other crooked methods for retention of power. But in case of men, once they taste the blood of power, they get ever intoxicated to it and want to maintain it at any cost. Especially when they happen to encounter women with the real power of ingenuity or skill, they get mentally annoyed, the cause of which is never able to be identified by their fickle psyche. As a result, they find sex discrimination as a tool to overpower women. This process of overpowering leads to s exual boundary violation and then subsequently to sexual harassments even. Workplace rudeness is the pinhole opening for Sexual Boundary violations in many organizations. The rudeness includes several aspects of misbehavior such as sending a nasty and demeaning note, not giving credit where a credit is due, giving dirty looks or another negative eye contact. ( Metts et al, 2009: p.252) Before landing on a clear-cut definition of sexual boundary violation, it becomes necessary to understand sexual boundary crossing.

Photo analysis research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Photo analysis - Research Paper Example Every aspect of study or academic always improves in quality with time. Most ideas in various fields of education are comparable and some are derivative of the other. However, art as a field or subject of study in colleges and universities does not obey the law as explained in the Arnold Hauser’s Sociological Method in Art History. Analyzed well, early photography had certain styles and compositions that depicted a higher level of professionalism. Most renaissance photos are discrete and can be differentiated from modern photos using different criteria. To begin with, renaissance photos like the one to below had certain artistic inputs that make them stand out when compared to the modern photos. Coloration in photography during the renaissance period was meant to portray certain themes to the viewers. Black color, for instance, symbolized a gloomy or despondent mood in a society. Red was always associated with romance. White, on the other hand, had a close association with rel igion especially Christianity. It was also associated with peace and understanding among people in the society. Drawings in the renaissance photos had a lot concerning the history of different societies. Drawings with weapons such as swords symbolized war, victory or a safe society. Political-based, early artists had various ways of displaying their political interests or ideologies using photos. For instance, an artist may decide to draw cartoons representing two different politicians, one cartoon may be bigger than the other. In such cases, the artist is secretly and artistically displaying his or her ideologies in politics. The big photo is always the artist’s most preferred politician. The paper will analyze the following photo with regard to the stated problem. According to this photo, a woman wearing a red dress is sitting on a dinner table next to circular window. She is not eating; there is food on the table, however. The woman has a long hair and looks somehow stress ed. Outside the window, there is a lot of light and this is contrast to the dark room where the woman is sitting (Matheson 287). The image is covered a slant rectangular frame. In addition, the window shows another shape of heart. The woman looks uneasy and impatient with her hands over her head. John William Waterhouse did this photo in 1849. According to him, the photo on the background is a lady of Shalott saying that she is half-sick of shadows. Various questionnaires were distributed to identify people’s views on the photo. One of the questions in the questionnaire were:What do you think of when you come across a woman with a red dress like the one in the photo? Does the picture reveal anything related to romance to you?If yes, where and when do you think this photo was taken? Out of the 100 questionnaires distributed, 71% associated the photo with romance and renaissance period. Most of them associated it with Europe, particularly Italy, France, and Germany. 22% associa ted the woman with early prostitutes in Europe. 7% of the questionnaires were not properly filled. According to the findings, it is quite succinct that William’s main thematic concern at the time of taking this photo was romance. First, the photo has its window in the shape of a heart. Heart, as understood, is a global symbol of romantic love. The window curtains have been removed allowing some light into the dark room. The woman is also in a red dress. Red color has

Global Warming Is Harmful Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Global Warming Is Harmful - Essay Example Regardless of all the arguments presented, I believe that humans contribute to the climatic changes and extreme weather conditions. The increased CO2 levels and rising temperature do have a link. The link between greenhouse effect and global warming are valid as put down by one set of the researchers. Although the studies and climatic researches are not invalid and the continuous debate over this topic does carry an important place in the Earth’s study. According to my point of view, it is not valid to judge the climatic change just by examining or considering the weather patterns of a small region. Global warming does not talk about a particular region, city or country. It is an overall analysis of the Earth’s temperature. Hence, claims that are based on the study of a single region are invalid and must not be relied upon. The study of NCDC, however, clearly asserts against that claim by ranking the temperature for January 2004 as the 4th warmest on record (NCDC, Clima te of 2004, 2004). This further disproves the claim of the other group. I also agree with the statement that carbon emissions are of the major cause of the problem of Global Warming. The factories which are using the fossil fuels during their manufacturing process are giving out a huge amount of carbon and this contributes greatly in making the climate warmer (CBO, 1990). The trees planted in the world are believed to be of paramount significance in preventing the issue of global warming to increase. In the process of the growth of a tree carbon dioxide is used. This carbon dioxide helps in the growth of the tree until its final stages of death and decomposition eventually. This decomposition on the other hand again causes the tree to release carbon dioxide in the environment. Deforestation is one... This paper talks that most of the problems being found in the world are related to the environmental factors. One such environmental problem which has created a political spark all over the world is ‘Global Warming’. Over the years Global Warming has become an issue for the whole world and it is seen that many demographic and temperature changes have occurred throughout the world. The study of Earth and its climate is of immense importance and beyond any doubt the reason for such extreme climatic changes should be known. In order to evaluate the reasons behind the changing climate of the Earth, the studies regarding global warming and the arguments against it are helpful. This paper shows two points of view on the global warming. The proponents and opponents of global warming present with convincing statements regarding their stance. However the individuals who believe that global warming is caused by nature itself do not straighten up their facts and manipulate or interpret the researches. The medieval warm period as put down by the opponents of the global warming is not a strong base for their opposition of human actions on global warming. Even if the medieval warm period was a period in which the earth was warmer than what it is now it does not prove anything regarding the green house gases and global warming. It does not tell if the green house gases have an effect on global warming and if global warming does or does not affect the temperature of this world. The individuals who believe that human actions have a relation to global warming seem to be quite right in their hypothesis in my belief.

Energy Expenditure and Lab Report Guide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Energy Expenditure and Lab Report Guide - Essay Example In this case, the kilocalorie percentage was 26.3 percent from carbohydrate, and 73.7 percent from fat. The total energy expenditure from carbohydrate equaled 14.71 kilocalories multiplied by the 26.3 percent of the total kilocalories from carbohydrate, in the end equaling 3.87 kilocalories from cholesterol alone. The total energy expenditure from fat equaled 14.71 kilocalories multiplied by the 26.3 percent kilocalories solely from fat; in the end 10.84 kilocalories were from fat. The 10-min oxygen consumption, while exercising for our subject, was equal to 25.39 VO2 L/m. The average RER during our subjects exercise was .8952. The formula that was needed to calculate respiratory exercise ratio during exercise was the average Carbon dioxide production (VCO2) during exercise divided by the average oxygen consumption (VO2). When the RER sums up to .8952 the caloric equivalent to this was 4.924 kilocalories per liquid oxygen. Gross energy expenditure during exercise is calculated by taking 25.39-oxygen consumption multiplied by 4.924 caloric equivalents equaling a total of 125.02 kilocalories. The net energy expenditure of our subject that was 125.02 equals Gross energy expenditure plus the resting energy expenditure equals 139.73. To calculate the total resting energy expenditure derived from carbohydrate and fat you take the RER and find the percentage kilocalorie for both of them. The percentage kilocalorie that derived from carbohydrate was 67.5. The percentage kilocalorie that came from fat was 32.5. The energy expenditure from carbohydrates equaled to 139.73 kilocalories multiplied by 67.5 percent equaling a total of 74.07 kilocalories deriving from carbohydrates. The energy expenditure from fat equals 139.73 kilocalories multiplied by 32.5 percent equaling a total of 45.41 kilocalories from fat. This sort of testing can be applied

Business Ethics Degree Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Ethics Degree - Case Study Example If the business goes down and profitability gets affected, this will have a direct impact on the salaries and perks of the workforce. On the other hand if there are more activities on the runway, expansion of the functional areas, addition of another runway, that implies better promotional avenues for the workforce and more job opportunities. The management (top management): The top management can be clubbed with the workforce as well, but this body being a policy making body, is supposed to be answerable to the adverse reactions in the media, NGO's concerns, passengers woes etc. Therefore if the functioning is smooth at the airport, that's a happy situation for the top management as it gets a pat on the back, besides of course, hefty remuneration. The passengers i.e. air travellers: Air travellers are the key customers of the services being offered by an airport. If there are additions in the facilities, it results in reduction of the waiting time in queues, better ambience, more spacious waiting lounges, more facilities at the airport etc. Such additions are bound to delight the customer. If the runway capacity increases, that implies lesser delay in landing and take-offs. This works to the advantage of the air travellers. The investors: Since BAA is a public... All this certainly helps the investor as better dividend can be expected on the investments. The residents living in the vicinity of the airport: Adding another runway implies more aircrafts landing and taking-off in quick succession. This might lead to more noise pollution in the surrounding areas, which might rob off the area residents from their well-deserved peaceful time with their family members, guests etc. BAA will therefore have to take extra care towards reducing the noise levels, which could imply making some additional investments. The airlines: Airlines will of course be the happiest lot with the addition of another runway, because that results in; Less fuel consumptions, as the aircraft doesn't have to hover over the airport, waiting for its turn to get the landing space. Customer satisfaction, as the carrier is now able to maintain time discipline in landing as well as in take-offs More parking space for the aircrafts near the runway, which saves time and money incurred on towing the aircraft to another corner of the airport. The suppliers and other business associates: More business implies more business activities for the suppliers and business associates of the airport as well as the concerned airlines. The Government: If BAA is able to satisfy its customers, able to maintain international quality standards, earn more profits, that implies a happy situation for the government. But if the airport gets a flak for its functioning, NGOs are up in arms against the policies, the governments has to spend considerable amount on placating those concerns. 1.2. From a utilitarian perspective, would you argue for or against the proposed new runway From the utilitarian perspective I will surely argue for the proposed new

Cultural Studies abstract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cultural Studies abstract - Essay Example Issues related to the original shape and authenticity of the tales of Kitaro in the graveyard are examined by comparing various forms of the story in Kami-Shibai and the variations generated during the transition from Kami-Shibai to rental Manga. These are based on researches on street Kami-Shibai and rental Manga. Creation in Kami-Shibai, which has no prior story documented, depends mainly on sequencing of images with speech language and reaction from the audience. Therefore, as for street Kami-Shibai, the accumulation of various versions as one story must be put into consideration. Orality, a main feature of Kami-Shibai, is subject to fundamental and crucial transformations due to changes in representation techniques and authorship during its transition to Manga. The consciousness and analysis of Manga readers are centered primarily on words or text. The recipients of Manga and animation tend to be categorized as fanatics and this makes the issue of popular culture use and ownership even more complex. This paper also tackles the authorship and ownership of popular culture in the age of technological media. The relationship between cultural likeness and transformation of media technology is discussed while the arguments of studies on â€Å"transmission† [densho] in Japanese folklore studies, anthropological resemblance, power in cultural studies, and creative similarities are examined in discussing actual copyright issues of Manga, digital copyright, and problems encountered in its creation on the

How might wind or water power become at least partial, but significant Essay

How might wind or water power become at least partial, but significant solution to global energy issues - Essay Example However, in the recent times, governments have concentrated on large-scale projects to produce electricity, while ignoring many opportunities to produce hydroelectricity in small scale. Of course, there are a number of advantages for producing hydroelectricity in large scale from the larger rivers. On the other hand, tapping hydroelectricity from the smaller rivers can also provide very many advantages and would also help in supplementing energy production. This has been seen to happen in the many developing countries, where governments may not have enough funds to start and complete large projects. Almost any country has more small rivers than big rivers, and these small rivers can be used by local communities to produce energy for local use. This is unlike the traditional way in which large scale hydroelectricity is produced and then carried kilometers away from the point of production to users, who live so far from the source and may not even know how the electricity is produced. With the small scale hydroelectricity production, smaller rivers that are not seasonal can be used to produce energy for the local communities. This is especially possible and even economical for communities where the population is farming communities, which live in the countryside instead of the urban folk. The main advantage of this is that this kind of hydroelectricity is much cheaper and the local community can enjoy energy at much lower prices, probably as low as 30 percent, because they will produce the energy themselves rather than depending on a third party hydroelectricity producer. To be a ble to take advantage of this small scale hydroelectricity energy production, governments can try and make sure that the machinery used to harvest hydroelectricity are accessible in smaller capacities rather than the huge multibillion machinery, that is directed towards

Managing People And Organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing People And Organisation - Essay Example The formation of a group is an effective and slow process. In a group all people are associated with each other. According to Bruce Tuckman, there are five phases in formation of a group. They are as follows: Forming Forming is the preliminary phase where group comes as one and the members start to build up bonding with each other. In this phase the members find out what the organisation expects from the group. This phase is the first step towards developing the group. The members develop trust and set up limits on tolerable activities by experimentation. In case of any misconduct, the reaction of the group members decides if the conduct will be repeated in future or not. In this phase, the job of the members is allotted. Storming The second phase is called storming. In this phase the interpersonal disagreement takes place. In case the group is not capable to form the objectives and goals or the members differ on mutual objectives it can cause collision in the entire group. Thus, for a group to be successful the members must develop a common and precise objective and work towards it. A conversation is useful to reach a mutual agreement where everyone can freely share their views. Norming The third phase of group formation is norming where the members can successfully work out the disagreement. In this phase, it is important to judge about how to accomplish the objectives. Everyone becomes clear about their roles and assigned tasks expected from them. By formal and informal process the roles of members can be assigned. The course of action by which group will perform for fulfilling the objectives are decided. In this phase, the members can realise the operation of the group (Institute for Extended Learning, 2009). Performing In the phase of performing, the roles, expectations and customs are not significant. The group formation is complete in this phase after resolving the inside disagreements of recognition and allotment of tasks and initiating responsibilities. Members provide their full effort to accomplish the group objectives (Management Consulting Courses, n.d.). Adjourning Adjourning is the final stage of group development. In the year 1977, Bruce Tuckman had f urther improved the group formation phase and included the ‘Adjourning’ phase. In this stage, the group members begin to gradually disband the group as the objectives are completed. They identify their tasks in the group and move ahead (Funch, 2007). Forming Of Group in FOODCO FOODCO is known as one of the biggest food service distributor corporations of the USA. FOODCO had developed six project groups for dealing with business issues that was important for ELI (Executive Leadership Institute). There were 4–5 members to each project group ensuring at least one member has proficiency which is related to the topic under examination. The project was designed in such a way that it permitted group members to perform momentarily during each period of the project management. FOODCO had allocated a senior supporter to the group who helped in the project. The supporters are the company executives who have good curiosity in watching the success of the group and were ready to assist with the necessary resources, resolve organisational difficulties and offer supervision on how to advance and accomplish the group objective. The groups were given order to get in touch with the senior supporters when needed during the project phase. A survey had been conducted in each time phase to reach a conclusion (Furst, 2004). Fig 1: FOODCO Groups and Objectives Group Objectives of the Group 1 To develop an integration strategy for acquirement 2 To determine the method of efficient transfer of information technology from one ancillary firm to other firm 3 To determine the way to

Treasury Bills Essay Example for Free

Treasury Bills Essay INTRODUCTION Executive Summary Investment is the process of putting excess funds of an individual, groups or companies in ventures that will have better returns.   For the investment to be viable, a stream of benefits must be anticipated in future years.   Investment can either be a short term or long term.   The best investment option for the company or individual is always based on availability of funds to be committed and for how long.   Short term investment always is made when an individual wants to recoup his funds quickly and normally periods of less than two years period.    The interest cost associated with it is always very small and can be ignored. Long term investment involves a long period to recoup the investment outlay. Most firms are at cross roads they are not sure where to invest the excess funds which can be either in the mutual fund or treasury bills.   The decision to put the money in either of the option will depend on the following; How long will the funds be available? What is cost of capital to be used? Liquidity of the firm What other long-term and short term projects planned? What is the attitude towards risk? What is the government policy on investment? In order for me to come up with proper decision where to invest, we are undertaking a project to overcome the factors mentioned above.   The objectives of the project will be:- To identify the better investment at times excess of funds in the short-run To identify the better investment at times of excess funds in the long-run To identify the risky investment among the two Which of the two affects the liquidity of the fund in the long-run? Statement of the problem Investment decisions are very important at times of excess funds or little funds.   The investment in mutual funds or treasury bills is always a problem to individuals and companies.   Companies or individuals without financial advisors may be faced with problem of choice. 1.3 Goals In making an investment of funds that are available, the investor needs to identify which investment is ideal; the treasury bills or money market mutual fund. 1.4 Objectives or tasks The objectives of the study will be based on the following:- Which of the two has less risk? What are the interest rates that are offered? What has been the performance of each in the past? What are the certainty recouping funds in full at times of inflation? Which attracts less tax? Who has issued the Treasury bill or mutual fund? From past records mutual funds are riskier as compared to Treasury bill.   This is because it is assured that governments will honour their entire obligation as compared institutions.   Governments can not become insolvent being issuers of treasury bills except one that past a resolution in parliament not honour their debts. Treasury bills always offer a lower rate as compared to mutual funds money market.   Treasury bills are either 90 day or 180 day periods which can be rolled over in case the investor does not need the funds immediately. The project will cost 2400 to its completion.   The funding will be provided by the Scholarship Provider. Editing The report will compile and analysed after the data has been collected.   The report will be written by James and taken for typesetting at Mary’s place.   After typesetting the report will be printed and copies given to James, Joseph, John, Mary, Asnata and Jane for checking and editing to produce a good copy.   After the editing each editing member contributions will forward to Mr. Johnson for inputting and typeset document, a final draft will be produced. All names are imaginary Action and Recommendation 1 Layout The project report will be forty four pages, typeset on font size of 12, double spaced, with one –page abstract.   It will contain introduction, problem statement, goals and the financial statement for project.   It will be produced and spiral bound. 3.2 Table Timetable Action Time Description Research Begin 14/7/07 End 28/7/07 Ø   Research method will be chosen Ø   Develop research capability Ø   Identify the investors to be used Ø   Identify methods used in the research Ø   Identify other sources to referenced Ø   Prepare research questionnaire for interviews Writing 29/7/07 To 31/7/07 Ø   Compile and analysis the research data Ø   Tabulate the information gathered Ø   Choose the format of report writing Ø   Choose writers for the report and give them directions Ø   Write and type write the data Editing 1/8/07 To 3/8/07 Ø   Choose editors of the report from among the participants Ø   Print a rough draft for editing Ø   Editing takes places Ø   Print the edited copy and ask them to redit it Printing 4/8/07 The report is printed out as per number of copies needed Binding 5/8/07 10/8/07 Ø   The report is taken for editing before distribution Ø   The report is distributed Budget for the Project Activity Description Cost Research Ø   Research method will be chosen Ø   Develop research capability Ø   Identify the investors to be used Ø   Identify methods used in the research Ø   Identify other sources to referenced Ø   Prepare research questionnaire for interviews 1200 Writing Ø   Compile and analysis the research data Ø   Tabulate the information gathered Ø   Choose the format of report writing Ø   Choose writers for the report and give them directions Ø   Write and type write the data 300 Editing Ø   Choose editors of the report from among the participants Ø   Print a rough draft for editing Ø   Editing takes places Ø   Print the edited copy and ask them to reedit it 200 Printing The report is printed out as per number of copies needed 500 Binding Ø   The report is taken for editing before distribution Ø   The report is distributed 100 TOTAL 2400 3.3 Outline The project will have six sections. Executive summary:   will summarize the whole report Introduction: This will contain statement of the problem Interactive review:   This will have a review of the existing research materials on the topic of research. Research: Methods used in the research and how data is collected Data analysis: This will contain the research data its analysis and tabulation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     REFERENCES    Eugene Brigham, Michael Ehrhardt; Financial Management, Theory and Practice, Thomson South-Western, 2005 Robert Hudson, Alan Colley; The Capital Markets Financial Management in   Banking, Lessons Professional, 2000 Neil H†erman Jacoby, Raymond Joseph; Business Finance and Banking, Ayer Pub, 2000 Naciones Unidas Transnational Corporations Management Division, M Moffett, International Financial Management, Routledge 1993

The Characteristics Of Financial Statement Accounting Essay

The Characteristics Of Financial Statement Accounting Essay The main purpose of this assignment is to determine the five types of accounting users, their needs for Continental Limited financial statement, prepared an income statement and balance sheet with necessary working for Continental Limited for year ending 31 Dec 2010 for the internal use, prepared the income statement and balance sheet of Continental Limited for year ending 31 Dec 2010 in accepted format for external reporting or publication and, an appropriate accounting ratios for year ending 31 Dec 2010 will be prepared base on income statement and balance sheet which done on task 2 and task 3. Last, industry averages provided to access profitability and liquidity of Continental Limited will be compared. Firstly, the accounting users can be categories into internal users and external users. Internal users includes of creditors, suppliers, investors, tax authorities, government agencies, customers, and financial analysts or adviser. Internal users are the users that inside or within an organization, it is usually includes of managers, employees, and shareholders. Next, the 5 characteristics of financial statement is comparability, reliability, timely, relevance, and accuracy. Table of Content Pages Introduction 3 Introduction to task 1 4 The 5 types of accounting users and their needs. 4-5 The 5Characteristics of Financial Statement 6-7 Conclusion for task 1 7 3.0 Introduction for task 2 8 3.1 The process of preparing income statement and balance sheet for 8-16 Continental Limited 3.2 Conclusion for task 2 16 4.0 Introduction to Task 3 17 4.1 Classify expenses into contribution cost and Administrative expenses. 17-20 4.2 Conclusion for task 3 20 5.0 Introduction for Task 4 21 5.1 Calculation of accounting ratio 22-23 5.2 Comparison between Continental Limited and Industry Averages to Assess 24 Profitability 5.3 Comparison between Continental Limited and Industry Averages to Assess 25 Liquidity 5.4 Conclusion for task 4 26 6.0 Conclusion and recommendation 27 7.0 Reference 28-29 Introduction Accounting is a system where an organization uses to record all the business transaction. It can help organization to analysis their business performance or make any business decision. According to Michael Russell, he demonstrates that account is a recording of financial or money transactions. In task 1, the five types of accounting users and their needs for Continental Limited financial statement will be defined. Besides, the five regulatory characteristics of the financial statements that help to provide useful information to those accounting users will be explain too. Accounting users is the people who need accounting information to make decisions, invest, planning and budgeting. In task 2, an income statement and balance sheet with necessary working for Continental Limited for year ending 31 Dec 2010 for the internal use by company directors and management will be prepared. Income statement can help organization to note down the expenses and profit and it usually prepared for 1 time in years. In task 3, the income statement and balance sheet of Continental Limited for year ending 31 Dec 2010 in accepted format for external reporting or publication will be prepared. Which is means that after the income statement and balance sheet of Continental Limited prepared, it will be shown to the public or outsiders for external reporting. In task 4, an appropriate accounting ratios for year ending 31 Dec 2010 will be prepared base on income statement and balance sheet which done on task 2 and task 3. Next, the industry averages provided to access profitability and liquidity of Continental Limited will be compared. 2.0 Introduction for Task 1 In task 1, 5 types of accounting users and their needs for the financial statement of Continental Limited will be discussed. Next, the 5 regulatory characteristics of these financial statements that will provide useful information to the users will also be defined in this task. 2.1 The 5 types of accounting users and their needs. Users of accounting can be categories into external users and internal users. External users are the users outside of the organization which includes of creditors, suppliers, investors, tax authorities, government agencies, customers, and financial analysts or adviser. Internal users are the users that inside or within an organization, it is usually includes of managers, employees, and shareholders. The first type of accounting users is managers of the company. Manager is a person who in charge in overseeing and manage all the activities of others working which includes of planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Accounting information is needed to a manager to know that whether the organization are earning or losing. Accounting information also helps managers in making business decision because it can let manager know that the current financial situation of an organization. Besides, it also helps managers to know how much their customers owe and how much they owe to their suppliers. Accounting information also helps managers in organization budgeting process by know the financial situation of the organization and allocate the money to each department wisely. Accounting information are important to managers to ensure their business are managed efficiently and effectively. The second type of accounting users is suppliers or creditors. Suppliers are the person who provide or supply products or services and in return get an agreed payment. But usually suppliers didnt have proper communication and less interact among each others. Suppliers need to know an organization accounting information to know the current financial situation of an organization whether the organization able to pay the debts that the organization owe. Supplier also includes of money lenders such as bank or landlord. So, if they want to lend money to the organization, they had to check the current financial situation to make sure they will be able to pay back in future. The third type of accounting users is investors. The people who wish to invest to an organization with expectation to get back reasonable profit in return are known as investors. So, they need to know about the organization account information to measure the performance of the organization and see whether it is worth to invest or might bring loss to the investors The forth type is the employees of the organization. Employees is the people who are recruit by the organization and use to provide products and services and get salary in return. They must know the account information of an organization to insure employees benefits or pension funding is able to pay to them. The fifth type is the shareholders or owners of the company. They are the boss of the company, so they were needed to know the performance of the organization and determine the future plan. Besides, they also need to know the accounting information to know how much they can withdraw as dividend payment. So, these are the five types of accounting users that use financial information to fulfill their different types of needs. 2.2 The Characteristics of Financial Statement Financial statement is a document that use to record down all the business transaction or the organization financial activities. Financial statement are includes of trial balance sheet and income statement. The first characteristic of financial statement is relevance. Relevance is use to generate more information to helps all accounting users in decision making. It can help accounting users to predict future outcome such as profit or loss. To ensure the accounting information are accurate, so those financial account prepare based on accounting concepts and policies present must be relevant which is capable of influencing the economic decision of the users. The second characteristic of financial statement is timely. Timely is referring to the information which is present or past. So that the accounting information that accounting users received are trustworthy and useful in helping them make any decision. If the account information not prepared to provide information in time, it will affect the decision making of accounting users which might cause loss. The third characteristic of financial statement is accuracy. Accuracy is about how preciseness of the financial statement of an organization that provides many important information to all accounting users. If the financial statement are not accurate or made in past time, it may cause many problem to an organization in planning their future activities and affect the decision making of accounting users. The next characteristic is reliability. Financial statement must be reliability to make sure that it can fulfill accounting users needs. A financial statement is reliability when it able to reflects the substance of transaction to present faithfully and truly what has already happened. Next is the financial statement are done free from bias and it is neutral. Last, the financial statement must in prudent and realistic where there is any uncertainty. The last characteristic of financial statement is understandability. A financial account should be prepare in a condition which easy to understand by others that have knowledge or experiences in business, accounting and those economics activities. So, these are the five characteristic of a financial statement that an organization should revise when preparing the company business financial accounts. 2.3Conclusion for task 1 In my conclusion, there are many types of accounting users that use account to fulfill their need. Their needs includes of making decision, invest, giving loan and know the situations of the organization. Besides, there are also 5 types of criteria of financial statement that an organization should revise when they preparing financial statement. 3.0 Introduction for task 2 In task 2, the income statement and the balance sheet of Continental Limited for the end of 31 December 2010 will be prepared. It will be prepared in an accepted format for the needs of external reporting and publication. 3.1 The process of preparing income statement and balance sheet for Continental Limited (A)Closing stock should be recorded at cost or net resale value which one is lower. Since cost RM65000 (B) Cash Account RM RM Sales 5000 Purchase 4000 Stationery 700 Electricity 300 5000 5000 Sales in trading account of income statement =RM360000 + RM5000=RM365000 Purchase in trading account of income statement =RM200000+RM4000=RM204000 Stationery as expense put in profit loss account of income statement=RM700 Electricity water in profit loss account of income statement= RM7000+RM300=RM7300 (C) Sales commission as expense put in profit loss account of income statement =RM18000 (paid from trial balance) +RM1500 (accrued at end of year) =RM19500 Then, the accrued sales commission RM1500 is recorded under current liability in balance sheet. Office salaries as expense put in profit loss account if income statement. =RM28000 (paid from trial balance) -RM2000 (prepaid at the end of year)=RM26000 Then, prepaid office salary RM2000 is recorded under the current asset in balance sheet. (D) Debtor Account RM RM Balance B/D 75000 (-) Bad debts 5000 Balance C/D 70000 75000 75000 Balance B/D 70000 Bad debts account RM RM Debtor 5000 P/L account 5000 Provision for bad debts closing balance =10% x Debtor closing balance RM70000= RM7000 Provision for bad debts account RM RM 31 Dec 2010 Closing Balance C/D 7000 1 Jan 2010 Opening Balance B/D 5000 Increase different 2000 7000 7000 1 Jan2011 Balance B/D 7000 (E.F) Vehicles account RM RM Balance B/D 300000 Vehicles disposal a/c 50000 Balance C/D 250000 300000 300000 Balance B/D 250000 Provision for depreciation on vehicle account RM RM Vehicle disposal account 12500 1 Jan 2010 Opening Balance B/D 60000 31 Dec 2010 Balance C/D 60000 Depreciation as expense put in P/L account 12500 72500 72500 1 Jan 2011 Balance B/D 60000 Vehicle disposal account RM RM Vehicle cost sold 50000 Provision for depreciation on vehicle sold 12500 Proceed from disposal of vehicle 35000 Difference for loss on disposal of vehicle 2500 50000 50000 Provision for depreciation on premises account RM RM Balance C/D 54000 1 Jan 2010 Opening Balance B/D 40000 Depreciation as expense put in P/L account 14000 54000 54000 Balance B/D 54000 (g) Taxation charge RM15300 is deducted from net profit at the bottom of income statement. It is also recorded as accrued taxation RM15300 under current liability in balance sheet. h) Proposed dividend to be deducted from net profit at the bottom of income statement =2% x RM500000 (share capital from trial balance) = RM10000 Then, the proposed dividend RM10000 is recorded under current liability in balance sheet. Income statement of Continental Limited for year ending 31 Dec 2010 for internal use RM RM RM Sales 365000 Less Return Inwards 10000 Net Sales 355000 Opening Stock 50000 + Purchase 204000 Return outwards 15000 + Carriage inwards 5000 244000 Less Closing Stock 65000 179000 Gross Profit 176000 Add Income: 5000 Dividend received 181000 Less Expenses: Stationery 700 Office electricity water 7300 Office salaries 26000 Sales commission 19500 Bad Debts 5000 Increase in provision for bad debts 2000 Loss on disposal of vehicle 2500 Depreciation on vehicles 12500 Depreciation on premises 14000 Vehicle expenses 12000 Interest charge 3000 104500 Net profit 76500 Less Taxation charge 15300 Less proposed dividend 10000 Profit for the year 51200 Add Retained earnings brought forwards 100000 Retained earnings carried forward 151200 Balance Sheet of Continental Limited as at 31 Dec 2010 for internal use Fixed assets/ Non-current assets RM RM Office premises at cost 350000 (-) Provision for depreciation on premises (54000) Vehicles at cost 29600 (-) Provision for depreciation on vehicles 250000 Long-term investments (60000) Current assets 190000 Closing stock 65000 Trade debtors 70000 -Provision for bad debts (7000) 63000 Bank 42000 Prepaid office salary 2000_ 172000 758000 Issues share capital Share capital 500000 Add Reserve Retained earnings carried forward 151200 Shareholders equity 651200 Add Long-term liabilities/ Non-current liabilities Loan 55000 Add Current Liabilities Creditors 25000 Accrued sales commission 1500 Accrued Taxation 15300 Proposed dividend 10000 51800 758000 Conclusion for task 2 In my conclusion, income statement and balance sheet of an organization is very important to know that organization are now in profit or loss. 4.0 Introduction for task 3 In task 3, the income statement and balance sheet of Continental Limited for year ending 31 Dec 2010 in accepted format for external reporting or publication will be prepared. Which is means that after the income statement and balance sheet of Continental Limited prepared, it will be shown to the public or outsiders for external reporting. 4.1 Classify expenses into contribution cost and Administrative expenses. Distribution costs Administrative expenses RM RM Stationery 700 Office electricity water 7300 Office salaries 26000 Sales commission 19500 Bad debts 5000 Increase in provision for bad debts 2000 Loss on disposal of vehicle 2500 Depreciation on vehicles 12500 Depreciation on premises 14000 Vehicles expenses 12000 Total 53500 48000 Income statement of Continental Limited for year ending 31 Dec 2010 for external reporting RM RM Turnover 355000 Cost of sales 179000 Gross profit 176000 Distribution costs 53500 Administrative expenses 48000 101500 Operating profit 74500 Dividend received 5000 79500 Interest charges 3000 Profit on ordinary activities before taxation 76500 Taxation charge 15300 Profit on ordinary activities after taxation of the year 61200 Proposed dividend 10000 Retain profit for the year 51200 Retained profit brought forward 100000 Retained profit carried forward 151200 Balance sheet of Continental Limited for the year ending 31 Dec 2010 for external reporting Fixed Assets RM RM RM Tangible assets: Premises 296000 Vehicles 190000 486000 Investment: Long term investment 100000 586000 Current Assets Stock 65000 Debtors 63000 Prepaid office salary 2000 130000 Cash at bank 42000 172000 Less Creditors: Amount Falling Due Within One Year Creditor 25000 Accrued sales commission 1500 Accrued taxation 15300 Proposed dividend 10000 (51800) Net current assets 120200 Total Assets Less current Liabilities 706200 Less Creditors: Amount Falling Due After More Than One Year Loan (55000) 651200 Capital and Reserves Called up share capital 500000 Profit and loss account 151200 651200 3.2 Conclusion for task 3 In my conclusion, income statement and balance sheet for external reporting or publication must be prepared neatly and precisely. Because it might affect the image and the business of the organization, Introduction for task 4 Accounting ratio is one of the ways to define the relationship among result and the others, such as balance sheet, and profit loss account. Accounting ratio can use to measure the efficiency, effectiveness and profitability of the organization according to its financial reports. 5.1 Calculation of accounting ratio The table below is the calculation of the accounting ratio between Continental Limited and the industry averages for year ending 31 Dec 2010. Ratio with formula Ratio calculation Industry for year 2010 averages Percentage of gross profit on sales 17600 x 100 30% = Gross profit x 100 355000 Net sales = 49.58% Percentage on operating profit on sales 74500 x 100 18% = Operating profit x 100 355000 Net sales = 20.99% Return on capital employed 9% = Net profit before interest x 100 (76500 + 3000) x 100 and taxation 158000-51800 Total assets-current liability =11.26% Current ratio 2:1 = Current assets 172000 Current liabilities 51800 = 3.32 : 1 Stock turnover period 90 days = 365 days 365 days/3.11 times Stock turnover in Times = 117.36 days Stock turnover = Cost of sales Average stock value Average stock = (Opening stock value + Closing stock value) / 2 = (50000 + 65000) /2 = 57500 Stock turnover = 179000 57500 =3.11 Times Debtor collection period 0.177 x 365 days 45days = Debtor ratio x 365 days = 64.6 days Debtor ratio = Debtor Net credit sales = 63000 355000 = 0.177 : 1 Creditor payments period 0.132 x 365 days 60 days = Creditor ratio x 365 days = 48.18 days Creditor ratio = Creditor Net credit purchase = 25000 (204000-15000) =0.132 : 1 Comparison between Continental Limited and Industry Averages to Assess Profitability According to the table above, it has state that the gross profit margin of Continental Limited is 49.58% while the gross profit margin of industry average is 30%. In this situation, when the gross profit margin are higher, it means that the organization are controlling their purchasing cost effective and efficient Besides, it also show that the organization perform good in allocating their raw materials and labor force to helps in reduce production cost and increase their gross profit. Next, the operating profit margin of Continental Limited ratio calculation for year 2010 is 20.99% while the industry average is 18%. When the operating profit margin is high, its means that the organization profits are still high even finish paying those variables cost. Operating profit margin can show whether an organization are effectively in their expenses and variable cost. Lastly, the return on capital employed (ROCE) of Continental Limited in 2010 is 11.26% while it is 9% in industry average. ROCE are usually used to measure all the resources that available in the organization and demonstrate the efficiency and revenue of an organization. So, when the percentage of ROCE becomes higher, the performances of the organization are better. The percentages of Continental Limited is higher than the industry average, Comparison between Continental Limited and Industry Averages to Assess Liquidity According to the table above, it has show that the current ratio of Continental Limited is 3.32:1 and the current ratio of industry average is 2:1. Current ratio is use to measure the financial status and the ability of the organization in using their current assets to finance its current liabilities. In this situation, it shows that the finance of the organization is stable and did not face any short-term financial problems. Secondly, is the stock turnover period of Continental Limited which is 117.36 days and the industry average is about 90 days. Stock turnover period is the time that the goods keep before purchased by customers. In this situation, Continental Limited had longer stock turnover period compare to the industry average, it might cause short-term financial problem because of keeping stock for long time and slowly taken out for resale. Next is the debtor collection period. The debtor collection period of Continental Limited is 64.6 days and 45 days for industry average. Based on this period we can know that Continental Limited is taking longer time than industry average to collect debts from the debtors. It might cause organization having shortage of pay back those liabilities and face short-term finance problem. In last, the creditor payment period of Continental Limited is 48.18 days and the industry average is 60days. Which shows that Continental Limited has the shorter time to pay the creditors compare to industry average and it might cause lack of many to pay back the creditors Conclusion for task 4 In my conclusion, accounting ratio can enable an organization or accounting users understand the liquidity and profitability of an organization. So, it make easier when an organization plan for future of budgeting. 6.0 Conclusion and Recommendation In my conclusion, this assignment enables me to understand the usefulness and the function of the account which can helps to know well an organization easily. In task 1, the most common accounting users are defined and let me understand of the 5 basic characteristics of financial statement. So, it helps a lot in preparing an organization financial statement. While in task 2, it let me know that income statement and balance sheet of an organization is very important to know that organization are now in profit or loss. It also let me let the proper way in preparing balance sheet and income statement for an organization. In task 3, income statement and balance sheet for external reporting or publication must be prepared neatly and precisely. Because it might affect the image and the business of the organization, In task 4, accounting ratio can enable an organization or accounting users understand the liquidity and profitability of an organization. So, it make easier when an organization plan for future of budgeting.

Uptake of Family Planning Services among Students at MSU

Uptake of Family Planning Services among Students at MSU DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOUR STUDY INTO FACTORS RELATED TO UPTAKE OF FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS AT MSU CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Family planning is the action taken by individuals to prevent or delay pregnancy and is achieved through the use of contraceptive methods. Family planning services include confidential advice about methods of contraception, confidential advice about STIs, pregnancy tests, diaphragms, IUDs, insertion or removal of the contraceptive implants, condom distribution and education both to females and males. Some services have dual advantages (assist in child spacing and also in protection against STIs), example is condom. Background The world’s total fertility rate has dropped dramatically, from 5 children per woman in the early 1950s to 2.1 children per woman today, largely owing to more widespread use of modern contraceptives, especially in the developing world. (Creanga et al. 2011), this shows a tremendous success of the program over the years. Having seen that there is now high sexual activities in colleges, family planning was introduced in colleges with the aim of reducing unwanted pregnancies, and STIs occurrences. Also from a global perspective, use of modern contraception has risen slightly, from 54% in 1990 to 57% in 2012. From a regional perspective, the proportion of women aged 15–49 reporting use of a modern contraceptive method has risen minimally or plateaued between 2008 and 2012. In Africa it went from 23% to 24%, in Asia it has remained at 62%, and in Latin America and the Caribbean it rose slightly from 64% to 67%.(WHO) this showing appreciation of use of modern contraceptives. Family planning has been seen to assist in pregnancy-related health risks in women, reducing rates of unintended pregnancies, family planning also reduces the need for unsafe abortion, helping to prevent HIV/AIDS, empowering people and enhancing education, reducing adolescent pregnancies, slowing population growth (â€Å"WHO | Family planning,† n.d.). However under family planning there is modern family planning and natural family planning, both involves methods for achieving and avoiding pregnancy. NFP involves methods that are based on observation of the naturally occurring symptoms and signs of the unfertile and fertile phases of a woman’s menstrual cycle whilst modern FP does not involve observation of the fertile and infertile phases of the woman cycle but involves the use of drugs, devices and surgical procedures in an attempt to reduce pregnancy. Modern contraceptives involve methods like the pill, injectable, implants, IUDs, male and female sterilizations, condo ms, the diaphragm, spermicides whilst natural family planning methods involves methods like withdrawal( coitus interuptus) where a man withdraws his penis from his partners vagina, and ejaculates outside the vagina, (WHO) periodic abstinence, the billings method. NFP has been seen to have other advantages compared to modern FP in the sense that NFP does not have any side effects, it is inexpensive, it fosters mutual communication between the wife and the husband, boyfriend and girlfriend, it is environmentally friendly and it promotes marital chastity but however both they prevent pregnancy. Geographic setting MSU is a university in Zimbabwe found in the midlands province in a central town known as Gweru. Narrowing down to its precise location, it is 10Km south east of Gweru which is the provincial capital for midlands province. MSU was established in the year 2000 with a strategic goal of establishing a fully semesterised university with 10 faculties, 18000 students, 900 teaching and 400 support staff with the requisite service and infrastructure by the year 2015. The vision of the university is to be a unique, development oriented, pace setting and stakeholder driven university that produces innovative and enterprising graduates. MSU is currently found at the former Gweru teachers college (main campus) and off campus at the Batanai complex in Senga Township, Telone training centre and part of the Institute of manpower planning and development. MSU is a fully semesterised and modularized university which enrolls twice every year thus in March and August for four and five year program with third level being of work related learning in industries and other relevant work places. MSU has got an undergraduate school, post graduate school and a visiting school where those visiting students attend classes for a week per month and they complete their studies in 3 years. MSU is honesty, integrity, and hard work driven and has a passion for excellence which is tempered by self-discipline and care for others, it is also driven by sensitivity to gender equality and equity, needs of the disadvantaged, African culture and devotion to self-sufficiency and professionalism. adapted from university website: www.msu.ac.zw PROBLEM STATEMENT Despite the high numbers of condoms being distributed monthly at MSU, high numbers of STIs are still being reported at the school clinic. In 2011 a total of 286 were treated for STIs at the school, in 2012 a total of 790 students reported with an STI at the school clinic. In 2013 a total of 616 students reported with an STI at the school clinic. There is also presumed occurrences of unwanted pregnancies around the school. Table 1: statistics for the uptake of family planning services at the school in the year 2013 Table 2: statistics for the uptake of family planning services at the school in the year 2012 Table 3 2013 STIs statistics at the school from Jan Dec Table 4 2012 STIs statistics at the school from Jan Dec It will therefore be necessary to explore the factors that influence uptake of contraception or family planning services by students at MSU SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The findings of the study will help in identifying gaps/loopholes in service delivery and service uptake by students therefore contributing to the addressing of these loopholes. The findings of this study will help or is important in the following: Coming up with interventions to assist in the Prevention of teenage pregnancy Prevention of transmission of sexually transmitted infections Reveal the factors associated with the uptake of family planning services by MSU students Reveal the challenges faced by students trying to access family planning services Help come up with strategies/recommendations to curb or address the challenges CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Many studies have been done with the aim of finding the factors as to why people adopt to family planning services. Several studies have achieved this goal of identifying the factors that contributes to the uptake of family planning services, be it socio economic, cultural, behavioral, religious. Studies relating to behavioral factors affecting uptake of family planning services Below is a detailed review of the studies which highlighted factors which determine/influence uptake of family planning be it negatively or positively. In a study by Kibret, 2003 it was indicated that students had high knowledge of contraceptives and where to get them but level of usage of contraceptive was low. Reasons were lack of access to services, carelessness, unplanned sexual intercourse and pressure from sexual partner of which these factors reduce the uptake of FP and not only that a study by (Anochie and Ikpeme, 2003) indicated that students in the developing world exhibit little knowledge and little exposure to contraceptives implying that if students in the developing world have little exposure to contraceptives they might have the knowledge about the contraceptives but not comprehensively because if exposed to the contraceptives they might not be able to know how they are used, thus supporting the study by Kibret, 2003 but the study didn’t comment comprehensively as to why these students in the developing world exhibit little knowledge to contraceptive use. Another study by (Orji et al., 2005) highlighted the most commonly used contraceptives by undergraduates students and indicated that condoms were the most commonly used contraceptive. However the study did not give a complete description of why it is the commonly used compared to other contraceptives. (Lebese et al., 2013) then looked at a study on the factors influencing the uptake of contraception services by Vatsonga adolescents in rural communities of Vhembe district in Limpopo province, South Africa. The findings revealed that adolescents were aware of the availability of contraception services although they lacked comprehensive knowledge about contraception and contraceptives which lead to negative attitudes towards using the services, also cultural health beliefs and attitudes were also identified as barriers to the uptake and use of contraceptives. This study also supports the study by Kibret, 2003 and (Anochie and Ikpeme, 2003) that knowledge is there but there is no comprehensive knowledge and understanding of contraception. (Dangat and Njau, 2013) conducted a study on knowledge, attitude and practice on family planning services among adolescents in secondary schools and provided ample evidence for the reason against use of FP services amongst this group. Out of the 316 respondents interviewed, 171 (54,8%) mentioned the issue of FP causing infertility, some thus 101 (32,2%) said it reduces sexual pleasure, 91 (29%) said it’s a behavior that promotes promiscuity, 88 (28,3) mentioned the issue of causing diseases to the reproductive organs, 82 (26,8%) mentioned the issue of that the behavior shows a trend of multiple sexual partnership, 67 (21,5%) mentioned the issue of causing severe bleeding, some from the study thus 46 (14,6%) said it causes death, 151 (48,1%) from the study group said FP causes damage to the uterus. Generally this study tried to capture students view on the factors that reduces uptake of family planning in schools. The same study showed that a greater population of the school was being encouraged to take family planning services by their parents 187 (59,2%) and a smaller proportion was being encouraged by their religious leaders, further study should be done so as to try and explore the reason as to why religious leaders has a smaller proportion than parents. According to a study by (Kiragu and Zabin, 1995) of contraceptive use among high school students showed that certain beliefs reduce the uptake of FP services by students. The findings pointed misconceptions such as some amongst the students believe that a girl cannot be pregnant if the girl washes her genitals after sex thus 2,7% males ,1.4% females gave an incorrect response whilst 16,3% males, 26,3% females gave a I don’t know response to the question and also that a girl does not get pregnant if the girl jumps up and down after having sex 5,6% males , 2,6% females gave an incorrect response to the question whilst 28,1% males, 36,4% females gave a I don’t know response to the question, some students didn’t even know that using a condom could prevent STIs thus 11,2% males, 21,1% females gave an incorrect response whilst 16,8% males , 35,6% females gave an I don’t know response to the question. Another question was that a girl cannot get pregnant if she ha s sex standing up 8,8% males , 5,0% females gave an incorrect response to the question whilst 26,1% males , 39,2% females gave an I don’t know response to the question. Another issue was on the question that a girl can get pregnant even if she has sex only once 18,7% males, 11,2% females gave incorrect responses whilst 11,3% males , 14,5% females gave an I don’t know response to the question. This shows a trend of knowledge gaps at the school as far as FP and sexual reproductive health issues are concerned and this shows that knowledge is an important factor in the uptake of family planning services as knowledge can affect the uptake positively or negatively. Another study by (Getrude Namazzi, 2013) highlighted important factors on the theoretical framework that the researcher categorized as health related factors and client related factors which my study might borrow from the researchers study as they impose an effect to the uptake of family planning needless of the fact that the researcher applied them to women attending child health clinic when the researcher was conducting a study on missed opportunities for modern family planning services among women attending child health clinics. On client related factors was age, lack of knowledge on FP, fear of side effects on modern contraceptives. On health related factors was long waiting time, long distance to health facilities, limited funds for service delivery, stock outs of contraceptives and also inadequate motivation of health care workers. In a study conducted by(Seeri and Maheshwaran, n.d.) on the knowledge, attitude of rural college students regarding contraception, the study gave evidence that the students had positive attitude towards FP as among the 426 college students that participated, 50% of the students felt that family planning improves the following such as, 62,5% said it improves health of people, 54% said it improves quality of life, 51% said it solves social problems whilst 32% said it prevents occurances of unwanted pregnancy. Having a positive attitude towards FP can motivate college students to take up FP services thus boosting uptake in schools. However in the study there was under utilization of FP as the study noted that knowledge regarding various contraceptive methods was poor. This was also evidenced by looking, comparing the % awareness of each method with the % awareness of other studies. For instance in the study by(Renjhen et al., 2010), the % condom awareness was 85%, OCP was 40%, as compar ed with 70,9% condom awareness and 30,8% OCP awareness for this study. The study really gave ample evidence that contraceptive and sex education is needed to increase the uptake of FP among college students. Another study by (Relwani et al., 2012) on exploring the emergency contraceptives knowledge, attitude and practices of engineering college girls found out that knowledge of EC was low among the students therefore contributing to underutilization of the method. In the study a strong association between source of information and level of knowledge was noted. The study further support the study by(Seeri and Maheshwaran, n.d.) that to promote use there is need for education and it further explains the strategies for promoting use which the study recommended spreading of accurate information through medical sources which are reliable. The study by (Seeri and Maheshwaran, n.d.) and (Relwani et al., 2012) share something which is, the college students from both studies had positive attitudes but their knowledge was poor and mis informations were high. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The model that will be used to conduct or carryout the study is the PRECEDE PROCEED model but focusing on phase 4 which is the educational and organizational diagnosis. It has got three categories which the study will look at which are predisposing, reinforcing and enabling factors. Predisposing factors are those antecedents to behavior that provides rationale for the behavior (uptake of family planning services) Enabling factors are the antecedents to behavior that enables motivation to be realized Reinforcing factors are factors subsequent to a behavior that provides the continuing reward or incentive for the behavior and contribute to its persistence or repetition. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS Uptake of family planning – in this study uptake of family planning means the use of family planning services for instance contraceptives by students at midlands state university in midlands province Student at MSU – in this study it is any person male or female who is taking lectures or learning at Midlands State University. Contraception – in this study means any method of birth control which prevents conception such as condoms, diaphragms On campus/ off campus – in this study on campus means at the campus, off campus means outside campus. Year 1.2, 2.1 and 2.2 – in this study 1.2 means students at MSU who are in their first year but in their second semester, 2.1 means those students in their second year but in their first semester, 2.2 then means students in their second year and second semester. Predisposing factors any characteristic of a person or a population that motivates behaviour prior to the occurrence of that behaviour, for example knowledge, attitudes, values, beliefs, perceived needs and abilities (Green et al., 2005). Reinforcing factors – these are rewards and punishments following or anticipated as a result of behaviour. They serve to strengthen the motivation for behaviour. These include family, peers, Health Care Workers, the media and others (Green et al., 2005). Enabling factors characteristics of the environment that facilitate action and any skill or resource required to attain a specific behaviour. These include accessibility and availability of programmes, resources and services, skills, money and time, facilities (Green et al., 2005). PURPOSE OF THE STUDY To find out the factors associated to the uptake of family planning services among MSU students RESEARCH QUESTION What are the factors that are associated or factors that influence the uptake of family planning services among MSU? RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study will be to: Broad Objective Identify the behavioral factors that influence the uptake of family planning services by students of MSU Specific Objectives Determine the predisposing factors related to uptake of family planning services by college students Determine the reinforcing factors associated to uptake of family planning services by college students Determine the enabling factors influencing the uptake of family planning services by college students

A Structural and Vocabulary Analysis of John Donnes The Flea Essay

A Structural and Vocabulary Analysis of John Donne's "The Flea" In his poem "The Flea", John Donne shows his mastery in creating a work in which the form and the vocabulary have deliberately overlapping significance. The poem can be analyzed for the prominence of "threes" that form layers of multiple meanings within its three stanzas. In each of the three stanzas, key words can be examined to show (through the use of the OED) how Donne brilliantly chose them because of the various connotations they had to his audience. Finally, each of the three stanzas contains completely different moods that reflect the speaker’s emotions as the situation changes. Upon knowing some of John Donne’s personal history, especially of his eventual high position in the church, it is no surprise that religious overtones embellish much of his erotic poetry. The Holy Trinity is the body created by three entities: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost. "The Flea" shows Donne’s obsession with this divine number and can be examined as a series of several "threes" beginning with the total number of stanzas in the poem: 3. Each stanza contains 9 lines, making the poem a series of 3 stanzas containing each a total of lines equaling 3-squared. As for the total number of lines, the poem contains 3-cubed, or 27. Each stanza contains the rhyme scheme AABBCCDDD. This is also a series of threes, containing 3 sets of rhyming couplets and ending in three lines rhyming DDD. The word "flea" is mentioned in all three stanzas of the poem. The OED had many entries for the word proving that Donne chose a word with its own trinity of multiple meanings, as a noun, an adjective, and a verb. First, it is a noun meaning the small, black, bloodsucking insect. This is ... ...ll of the speaker’s hopes are prematurely executed in the third stanza when the lady crushes the flea between her nails. This stanza is anticlimactic because the eager hopping around from argument to argument abruptly comes to a halt with one action. The speaker is rejected, and immediately retreats from his pursuit. His tone becomes scathing and the overall mood becomes like the purple blood that has stained the lady’s nail: "a hue of mourning." The hopes of the speaker coil down from the high apex of hope that builds in the first two stanzas to an embarrassing low in the last stanza. In conclusion, the true beauty of Donne’s poetry comes through in the tireless search for connections, overlapping, and deeper meaning. As one searches for these meanings, the 27 lines of "The Flea" become a mysterious maze that has no completion and never takes one to a dead end. A Structural and Vocabulary Analysis of John Donne's The Flea Essay A Structural and Vocabulary Analysis of John Donne's "The Flea" In his poem "The Flea", John Donne shows his mastery in creating a work in which the form and the vocabulary have deliberately overlapping significance. The poem can be analyzed for the prominence of "threes" that form layers of multiple meanings within its three stanzas. In each of the three stanzas, key words can be examined to show (through the use of the OED) how Donne brilliantly chose them because of the various connotations they had to his audience. Finally, each of the three stanzas contains completely different moods that reflect the speaker’s emotions as the situation changes. Upon knowing some of John Donne’s personal history, especially of his eventual high position in the church, it is no surprise that religious overtones embellish much of his erotic poetry. The Holy Trinity is the body created by three entities: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost. "The Flea" shows Donne’s obsession with this divine number and can be examined as a series of several "threes" beginning with the total number of stanzas in the poem: 3. Each stanza contains 9 lines, making the poem a series of 3 stanzas containing each a total of lines equaling 3-squared. As for the total number of lines, the poem contains 3-cubed, or 27. Each stanza contains the rhyme scheme AABBCCDDD. This is also a series of threes, containing 3 sets of rhyming couplets and ending in three lines rhyming DDD. The word "flea" is mentioned in all three stanzas of the poem. The OED had many entries for the word proving that Donne chose a word with its own trinity of multiple meanings, as a noun, an adjective, and a verb. First, it is a noun meaning the small, black, bloodsucking insect. This is ... ...ll of the speaker’s hopes are prematurely executed in the third stanza when the lady crushes the flea between her nails. This stanza is anticlimactic because the eager hopping around from argument to argument abruptly comes to a halt with one action. The speaker is rejected, and immediately retreats from his pursuit. His tone becomes scathing and the overall mood becomes like the purple blood that has stained the lady’s nail: "a hue of mourning." The hopes of the speaker coil down from the high apex of hope that builds in the first two stanzas to an embarrassing low in the last stanza. In conclusion, the true beauty of Donne’s poetry comes through in the tireless search for connections, overlapping, and deeper meaning. As one searches for these meanings, the 27 lines of "The Flea" become a mysterious maze that has no completion and never takes one to a dead end.

Edna Pontellier’s Solution in Kate Chopins The Awakening :: Chopin Awakening Essays

Edna’s Solution in The Awakening This is a look at "The Awakening" by Kate Chopin. When you first look at the life of Edna you think there is not much to discuss. Edna is a married woman who at first seems vaguely satisfied with her life--"she grew fond of her husband, realizing with some unaccountable satisfaction that no trace of passion or excessive and fictitious warmth colored her affection, thereby threatening its dissolution." (Chopin, 558). Edna doesn't know what she wants from life. It is evident from the way she tries to change her life to make it better, that she wants her own happiness. She refuses to stay home on Tuesdays, which she is expected to do to satisfy the social conventions of the time. She spends more time on her art. She goes to races and parties all the time. All of this doesn't seem to help her maintain happiness all the time. There were days when she was very happy without knowing why. She was happy to be alive and breathing, when her whole being seemed to be one with the sunlight, the color, the odors, the luxuriant warmth of some perfect Southern day. There were days when she was unhappy, she did not know why, when it did not seem worth while to be glad or sorry, to be dead or alive; when life appeared to her like a grotesque Pandemonium and humanity like worms struggling blindly toward inevitable annihilation. (Chopin, 588) Edna struggled to make her life more fulfilling. Edna wanted what? Passion, excitement? She states to the Doctor, "But I don't want anything but my own way. That is wanting a good deal, of course, when you have to trample upon the lives, the hearts, the prejudices of others--but no matter--still, I shouldn't want to trample upon the little lives." (Chopin, 629). In the title of "The Awakening" I get the impression of someone waking up and deciding that their life is not what they want. Edna goes from being reasonably happy in her life to very unhappy with her life and tries to change it to make it better. The ways she goes about it are not necessarily the right ways, but at least she tries to change it to make it better. The acceptable behaviors of the time in which she lived worked against her. Edna stays married because divorce was unheard of in those days. She wants to marry Robert, but he will not because it will disgrace her to leave her husband. She exceeds the social boundaries of the day by going her own way and