Eurasian Union And Its Perspective For Future Challenges - 550 Words

Analysis Of Eurasian Union And Its Perspective For Future And Challenges (Coursework Sample) Content: Comment Paper- Danilo HinicIn this comment I want analyze problematic and questionable issue of future of Eurasian Union. Through this text are examined history and basic trends in creation of customs union and common tariff system and trends in benefits. But question about further integration, future development and effectiveness of this organization remains unanswered and this text didnt seemed very optimistic about future in further development of ECU because text was written before latest trends which occurred in 2014. We can see that organization has economic character mainly. So problematic issue is about further integration and effectiveness of this union because Eurasian Union is still in process of transition and changes are ongoing and unclear future of emerging organizations always exists. If I literally ask a question Does Eurasian Union have promising future? 1) When we speak about concept of integration, integration trends, intentions to cooperate and potential for enlargement future seems positive. Integration of troika economies goes deeper because in May 2014 Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus agreed on establishing common market and Eurasian Economic Union which will enter into force in 2015. It is an important step which shows that integration continues on larger scale and that these 3 states want more decisively to integrate economies. There should be emphasized that also exists Eurasian Development Bank which means that there are supposed to be common economic projects and Eurasian Economic Commission which is supposed to represent interests of all 3 members. (Dreyer, 2014). This integration is driven by aims of Eurasian troika to create a block which can stand towards EU and make cooperation with EU on higher level and hoping that common free trade zone will bring more benefit than separate agreements with EU. In DW( 2014) magazine is stated that potential candidates can be Armenia and Kyrgyzstan. Therefore even exists poss ibility for future enlargement. Except this promising indicators and trends which potentially show prosperous future of new union there are also less promising indicators which are related to functioning of Eurasian Union in practice. 2) When it goes about effectiveness of functioning and applying rules of this union future seems much less positive because of economic and political barriers which exist. Many questions remain which are challenging survival of success of Eurasian Union. First one is about problem with doing businesses and since establishment of common internal duties they had difficulties in establishing trade beyond borders of union. Question remains if these 3 still developing economies can finance stand integration as they arent sufficiently economically strong and stable. Barriers in functioning of new union can be protectionist policies among these states and partially different foreign policies.As a conclusion I want to say that this union as a concept in tra nsition and a...

Savagery in Lord of the Flies by William Golding Essay

inhumane thing to do. Golding stresses on the negative consequences of savagery are clearly stated throughout the story. In the early chapters of the novel, he proposes that one of the important roles of a society is to provide an outlet for human impulses. Jacks initial desire to kill pigs to demonstrate his bravery, for example, is channeled into the hunt, which provides needed food for the entire group. As long as he lives under Ralph‘s regulations, Jack’s impulses are being re-directed into a productive task. Rather, it is when Jack refuses to live under Ralphs authority. The dangerous aspects of his character truly emerge. Just as the negative consequences of savergy is shown throughout the book,the†¦show more content†¦While evil impulses may lie within in every human psyche, and the ability to control them seems to differ in certain people. Through the different characters, the novel presents a variety of evil, ranging from Jack and Roger, who are eager to engage in violence. To Ralph and Simon, who struggle to contain their savage instincts. We can see that the characters who struggle to fight against their evil instincts, do so by appealing to civilized behavior. For example, Ralph and Piggy demand the return of Piggys glasses because it is the ,right thing to do. Golding suggests that while evil may be present in us all, it can be successfully concealed by the social impacts that are expected to appear in our behavior .With our controlled behavior we decide right actions from wrong actions. Within the story we are lead to believe that the â€Å"lord of the flies† is the beast within the forest. This beast was supposly living on the top of the mountain here the boys light their fire. As you get further into the story the beast in the the cave is revealed to the parachute from the now currently dead pilot. That leaves the reader thinking what is the actual beast.Eventually the reader finds out that the beast is actually t he inner animal within man. This beast within the boys were once tamed when they were living in society.Since they’ve been on the island and are thrieving to survivalShow MoreRelatedThe Challenge Between Civilization and Savagery in Lord of the Flies by William Golding1090 Words   |  5 PagesIn the novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding, symbolism and allegories were used to show how the children who are stranded on an island have a huge struggle with civilization and savagery. Ralph, Piggy, Jack, and Simon are the ones in the novel that struggle with this the most. Golding wrote this story because he was horrified of Stalinism in Russia. His experience in World War II effected his view on humanity and evils that are capable of occurring. Ralph, Piggy, and Simon are manifestedRead MoreStruggle Between Civilization and Savagery in Lord of the Flies by William Golding919 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding there is a constant struggle between civilization and savagery, however, in the novel, savagery prevails. This is evident in the constant struggle between Jack and Ralph and ultimate success by Jack whom represents savagery. Fear is an example of how savagery prevails over civilization, Jack used fear to overtake control from Ralph. Another example is the boys inability to stand up for themselves and for each other, meaning,Read MoreCompare the Ways H.G. Wells in the Island of Dr Moreau and William Golding in Lord of the Flies Examine the Struggle Between Civilisation and Savagery in an Isolated Setting.2029 Words   |  9 PagesCompare the ways H.G. Wells in The Island of Dr Moreau and William Golding in Lord of the Flies examine the struggle between civilisation and savagery in an isolated setting. H.G. Wells and William Golding diversely explore the struggle between civilisation and savagery in an isolated setting, through their novels: The Island of Doctor Moreau and Lord of the Flies. Both texts feature an untainted island location, where characters morality and humanity is challenged by fear and lack of order. WellsRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies 1299 Words   |  6 PagesKanak Garg Mr. Fraser English 10 Honors, Period 6 19 December 2014 Savagery in Civilization: Symbolism in Lord of the Flies Symbolism as defined by the Merriam Webster Dictionary, is â€Å"the use of symbols to express or represent ideas or qualities in literature, art, etc.† (â€Å"Symbolism†). For this reason, symbolism is utilized in literature in order to make novels more interesting and convey notions that are usually either highly controversial or extremely philosophical. For example in the popularRead MoreAllegories In William Goldings Lord Of The Flies885 Words   |  4 Pagesrevolutionized his field with his model of the human psyche. According to his model, the mind is divided into three aspects: the id, ego, and superego. William Golding’s allegorical novel, Lord of the Flies, employs these three aspects of the psyche through intricate characterization representing the concepts of id, ego, and superego. Lord of the Flies tells the story of a group of young British boys who are stranded on an island in the South Pacific. They become trapped when their plane is shot downRea d MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1200 Words   |  5 Pagespeople behave once on their own in an area without rules. The human race will fall apart without a set of rules that apply to them. When left on its own, and given an opportunity, human nature will revert back to the inherent savagery that lies within. In the book Lord of the Flies a British plane crashes on a deserted island in the middle of nowhere. The only survivors are a group of boys, and without any adults, the kids are left to fend and govern for themselves. Throughout the rest of the book, groupsRead MoreApa: Comparison Between the Hunger Games and Lord of the Flies1576 Words   |  7 Pagesgroup and individual survival between the Hunger Games by Suzanne Collin, Lord of the Flies by William Golding, and the 1990 film of Lord of the Flies directed by Harry Hook. BY: Becky Coutlee April, 23, 2012 D.Smith Comparing and contrasting the similarities and difference of group and individual survival between the Hunger Games by Suzanne Collin, Lord of the Flies by William Golding, and the 1990 film of Lord of the Flies directed by Harry Hook. â€Å"And while the law of competition may be sometimesRead MoreThe Powers of the Symbols in Lord of the Flies929 Words   |  4 PagesLord of the Flies is a novel that is all about symbols that have different powers which is used on the boys. Two of the symbols which are the conch and the sow’s head contain powers that are opposite of each other and they have a great affect on the boys. Lord of the Flies would be a different story without symbols. The conch has the powers that lead to civilization and order. It represents the authority that the boys will need to get rescued from the island. The sow’s head on the other hand representsRead MoreLord of the Flies by William Golding932 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussing two particular themes from a novel called Lord of the Flies by William Golding. Lord of the Flies was written in 1954 after World War II. Ruler of the Flies is a purposeful anecdote about something that many readers can’t really describe. Individuals cant choose precisely what. Its either about the inalienable underhanded of man, or mental battle, or religion, or personal inclination, or the creators emotions on war; however William Golding was in the Navy throughout World War II, or perhapsRead MoreThe Prominence of Evil in Lord of the Flies, by William Golding799 Words   |  3 PagesIn the dictionary, the definition of evil is morally wrong or bad; malicious. Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, exemplifies how everyone in society is more evil than good and how it can get the best of all. The book actively traces the problems of society back to human nature and savagery that lies within the human race. Golding shows how the lacking parental control no rules, is the downfall of their humanity in as much as they lose the characteristics society and civilization gives them

Why el agua instead of la agua

Both agua and à ¡guila, which mean water and eagle, respectively, are feminine nouns. Yet we say el agua and el à ¡guila, making exceptions to the rule that la is used with feminine nouns. The reason has to do with pronunciation — la agua would sound the same as lagua and might be confusing. But language is seldom logical, so dont try substituting el for la whenever a word that starts with a- follows. Learn more...

Collaborative Strategic Reading and Reciprocal Teaching Essay

In Elementary School, there are many children that tend not to pay attention when teachers are giving the reading lessons so teachers argue with them without figuring out the precise reasons for that behavior. As teachers, we need to develop the abilities to catch up when children have any kind of learning problems, in this case a reading disability. If the reading disability is not detected at an early time, many children would probably be affected for the rest of their lives as adults. The reading process has the power that benefits millions of children around the world to increase awareness of the things that happen in our world and prepare them with a great foundation for academic excellence. The reading process is valuable for our†¦show more content†¦This program addresses the fundamental skill of phonemic awareness, blending, segmenting and letter-sounds for children from four years old through adulthood. It builds sound knowledge in the reading development proce ss. According to Endress and Weston (2007) the method of the experiment was prepared in a wide range of student age groups in a rural public school setting. The program was completed in Washington State with 193 students in grades K through 12. This program emphasized phonemic awareness, decoding skills through segmenting, blending and sound manipulation, and alphabetic code knowledge. Phono-Graphix emphasized an explicit instruction model whereby the instructor initially modeled the desired skill, and then the instructor and students practiced together, follow by students practicing independently. This program consisted of 40 lessons and was delivered over an 8-week period, resulting in improvement for students in phonemic awareness as well as reading fluency in the grade K-4 elementary group. The upper elementary group (grades 5-12) indicated that not only did students’ fundamental phonemic awareness skills of blending and segmenting improve, but also their overall ski lls in comprehending printed materials increased (Endress Weston, 2007, p. 14-15). Collaborative reading interventions help students to work together to improve readingShow MoreRelatedWhich Comprehension Strategies Are Most Effective?1907 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is reading comprehension? Comprehension is the â€Å"process of simultaneously extracting and constructing meaning through interaction and involvement with the written language† (Snow, 2002, p.11). 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W | |Bozeman, MT 59718 Read MoreThe And Status Of Te Reo M Ā Ori Essay2423 Words   |  10 Pagesconsiderable number of European inhabitants came and settled in Aotearoa/New Zealand, and many schools got subsidy from the government if their teaching were both in MÄ ori and English according to the Education Ordinance Act of 1847 (Ka’ai, T. M., Moorfield, J. C., Reilly, M. P. J., Mosley, S., 2004). However, MÄ ori rather than English was mainly used in teaching in schools in Aotearoa / New Zealand until 1858, after that, the number of European settlers in Aotearoa / New Zealand exceeded that of MÄ oriRead MoreHow People Learn3958 Words   |  16 Pagesdevelopment reflects the complex interaction of the person, the persons behavior, and the environment. The relationship between these elements is called reciprocal determinism. A persons cognitive abilities, physical characteristics, personality, beliefs, attitudes, and so on influence both his or her behavior and environment. These influences are reciprocal, however. A persons behavior can affect his feelings about himself and his attitudes and beliefs about others. Likewise, much of what a person knowsRead MoreComparing the Epistemologies Governing the First and Second Order Cybernetic Approaches6964 Words   |  28 Pages In systemic thought the focus is on observable behavioural relational patterns in the here-and-now. History and aetiology are not important – there is no room for blame in a wholes approach. However, the context is important and a reciprocal causality is recognised in that the individual is â€Å"not an isolated and self-contained entity but rather a social being† (Vorster, 2003, p.4). â€Å"A wholes approach means seeing not just the initial effects but how these effects areRead MoreThe 7 Doors Model for Designing Evaluating Behaviour Change Programs13191 Words   |  53 Pages| | | |breakout to the present. This leads to a discussion of where the major impacts have | | | |been on the field of public and nonprofit management and some of the reciprocal | | | |influences on commercial thinking and practice. The chapter then concludes suggestions| | | |for where and how we should proceed to reinvigorate the cross-sectorRead MoreResearch9521 Words   |  39 PagesCharlotte, NC 28223 Phone: 704-687-7632 | Fax: 704-687-3123 peter.davis@uncc.edu | http://www.uncc.edu EDUCATION: Ph.D. in Business Administration, 1988 University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC Major area: Strategic Management; Minor area: Marketing Bachelor of Science in Business Administration, 1973 Appalachian State University, Boone, NC ACADEMIC EXPERIENCE: 2007-present University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Belk College ofRead MoreOn Aristotles Friendship and Social Network10537 Words   |  43 Pagessocial networks whether it enhances traditional or usual friendship or not. E. SURVEY OF RELATED LITERATURE Aside from using classical readings such as Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle as the authority of the researcher’s study, the researcher sees the need to make use of contemporary readings that deals primarily on social networking services or other reading materials that can be beneficial to the researcher’s study. Barnes, Jonathan. The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle. Cambridge: CambridgeRead MoreCommon Knowledge : How Companies Thrive by Sharing What They Know56617 Words   |  227 PagesSONS WHOSE LIVES HAVE SO GREATLY ENRICHED MY OWN: STEPHEN DIXON JOHNSON RICHARD SCOTT JOHNSON Page vii Contents Acknowledgments 1 Introduction 2 Creating and Leveraging Common Knowledge 3 Serial Transfer 4 Near Transfer 5 Far Transfer 6 Strategic Transfer 7 Expert Transfer 8 Looking Across the Five Types of Knowledge Transfer 9 Building an Integrated System for Knowledge Transfer Notes Index About the Author ix 1 17 33 53 77 99 127 143 161 175 179 187 Page ix Acknowledgments In theRead MoreChina in Africa Essay20116 Words   |  81 Pagesinequality and injustice can be further addressed. Land rights of smallholders in rural Africa have to be strengthened in order to avoid bio-fuel colonisation leading to increased poverty and inequality with negative impacts on the climate. ââ€"   Suggested reading, ‘Inequality and climate change’ Davies, James, S. Sandstrà ¶m, A. Shorrocks and E. Wolff, The World Distribution of Household Wealth. UNU-Wider, 200. Available online at http://www. wider.unu.edu/research/200-2007/200-2007/wider-wdhw-launch--2-200/wider-wdhwreport--2-200

Comparing Conrads Heart of Darkness and Coppolas...

Similarities in Conrads Heart of Darkness and Coppolas Apocalypse Now Sometimes, a work is so great that artists from other forms of expression are compelled to interpret that work in their own medium. Francis Ford Coppola took James Conrad’s classic novel Heart of Darkness and updated it to the time of the Vietnam War. James Conrad’s classic novella Heart of Darkness is a tale about a seaman who makes his way up the Congo river in search of a man and his ivory. In 1979, Francis Ford Coppola released Apocalypse Now, centered around an Army officer that has been ordered to assassinate an insane American officer. He, too, must travel upriver, but this time it is on the Mekong River in Vietnam. However different, both of these stories†¦show more content†¦He found out why later. Marlow asked a young man why he didn’t go out there in the jungle. The young man replied, I am not such a fool as I look (Conrad 15). The jungle abides by the rule of chaos – it is certainly no place for man. Marlow was cautioned to be very car eful in the jungle on his journey. During a physical exam, the Doctor advised Marlow to avoid irritation more than exposure to the sun because in the tropics one must keep everything calm (Conrad 15). On their way up the river, it had been decided it would be better to wait the night. The anchor had been dropped on the boat, and as the sun rose there was a white fog, very warm and clammy, and more blinding than the night (Conrad 41). From somewhere in the jungle, Marlow is described as saying: †¦ a very loud cry of infinite desolation soared slowly in the opaque air. It ceased. A complaining clamour, modulated in savage discords, filled our ears. The sheer unexpectedness of it made my hair stir under my cap (41). He continues, I don’t know how it struck the others, to me it seemed as though the mist had screamed, so suddenly and apparently from all sides at once did this tumultuous and mournful uproar arise (Conrad 41). Marlow’s crew panicked, and one man wondere d if they would be attacked. Another murmured, We will all be butchered in this fog (Conrad 41). Very much out of place in a strange foreign environment, Marlow and the rest of hisShow MoreRelated Comparing Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness and Francis Ford Coppolas Apocalypse Now2104 Words   |  9 PagesBetween Conrads Heart of Darkness and Coppolas Apocalypse Now      Ã‚   Apocalypse Now is a very vivid and sometimes disturbing film centered on the Vietnam War. Because it was based on Joseph Conrads novella Heart of Darkness, it is possible to draw some parallels between the two. Both can be interpreted as metaphors for a journey through the inner self, and each has its own singular message to convey. Apocalypse Now very perspicuously depicts the fact that men have hearts of darkness, andRead MoreComparing Joseph Conrad’s novel â€Å"Heart of Darkness† and Francis Ford Coppola’s film â€Å"Apocalypse Now†1235 Words   |  5 PagesThe focus of this Comparative Essay is to evaluate the similarities between Joseph Conrad’s novel â€Å"Heart of Darkness† and Francis Ford Coppola’s film â€Å"Apocalypse Now.† Resemblances in both stories are prominent when reading the novel or watching the film. The resemblance which will be used in this essay will be the similarities between the prota gonists in both stories, Charlie Marlow and Captain Benjamin L. Willard. Both men are in search of two other individuals that go by the same name, Kurtz.Read MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1164 Words   |  5 PagesAs Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness eludes to the inverse interpretation of colors as a motif, Francis Ford Coppola’s Apocalypse Now not only mimics but also portrays through the Vietnam War, the contrasting misguided crusades of enlightenment that the supreme race forces upon savages. The reversed meanings amongst the colors and entangled description in Heart of Darkness shows how backwards civilization is through the need to enlighten or civilize the natives is flamboyantly flaunted in both theRead More Comparing Apocalypse Now and Heart of Darkness Essay1489 Words   |  6 PagesComparing Apocalypse Now and Heart of Darkness   Ã‚   In the opening scenes of the documentary film Hearts of Darkness-A Filmmakers Apocalypse, Eleanor Coppola describes her husband Franciss film, Apocalypse Now, as being loosely based on Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness. Indeed, loosely is the word; the period, setting, and circumstances of the film are totally different from those of the novella. Yet, a close analysis of character, plot, and theme in each respective work reveals thatRead MoreComparative Essay1096 Words   |  5 Pagesanalysis: â€Å"Heart of Darkness† â€Å"Apocalypse Now† Student: Mora Vandenbroele Teacher: Azucena Estigarribia Year: 11th â€Å"A† â€Å"Heart of Darkness† vs. â€Å"Apocalypse Now† It is very interesting how humans are so intrigued about the evilness in the world, and the dedication of some men to compare Hell with the Earthly horror. Joseph Conrad, a genius writer, took his time to show this with his masterpiece â€Å"Heart of Darkness† that wasRead MoreParallels Between Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now1871 Words   |  8 PagesVarious parallels can be drawn when comparing and contrasting Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness and Frank Coppolas Apocalypse Now, while taking into consideration Heart of Darkness is a novella and Apocalypse Now is a film. These differences and similarities can be seen in themes, characters, events and other small snippets of information including anything from quoted lines to strange actions of the main characters. Both pieces follow the same story line but they are presented in differentRead MoreEssay on heart of darkness1844 Words   |  8 Pages Various parallels can be drawn when comparing and contrasting Joseph Conr ads Heart of Darkness and Frank Coppolas quot;Apocalypse Nowquot;, while taking into consideration Heart of Darkness is a novella and quot;Apocalypse Nowquot; is a film. These differences and similarities can be seen in themes, characters, events and other small snippets of information including anything from quoted lines to strange actions of the main characters. Both pieces follow the same story line but they are presentedRead MoreComparing Apocalypse Now and Saving Private Ryan1515 Words   |  7 PagesComparing Apocalypse Now and Saving Private Ryan Desai Abdul-Razzaaq HIST 1302 – American History II Mr. Daniel Bush Central Texas College January 4, 2010 The films Saving Private Ryan and Apocalypse Now were both critically acclaimed films depicting the dramas of war. They both had very realistic qualities and great cinematic values. The films had two great Hollywood directors in, Steven Spielberg

Application of Operant Conditioning Theory in the Classroom Samples

Question: Discuss about the Application of Operant Conditioning Theory in the Classroom. Answer: Introduction Teaching is a noble profession that plays a significant role in preparing the children to be useful people in the society. The preparation of children entails equipping them with the skills that can prepare them for their future careers that they will join after a successful completion of their training. Education can also provide the learners with useful moral and behavioral skills to use in the society. This is equally important because education does not only prepare the children for employment, but prepares them to acquire the qualities that they can rely on to fit into the society in which they belong. For the teachers to accomplish this task, they need to be adequately trained and provided with appropriate skills that they can use in teaching the learners. However, despite their training, teachers often find it challenging to handle the learners each of whom has unique background, characters, behaviors, weaknesses and strengths. Research has proven that teachers can apply vario us psychological approaches to adequately prepare their learners and bring the desired behavior change in them. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effectiveness of B.F. Skinners Operant Conditioning Theory in the teaching of Grade 5 learners. The Range of Behaviors of Grade Five Learners When she joined the teaching profession, Mrs. Jane was expecting to accomplish her goals of enjoying her career by adequately preparing her learners for the life after school. However, this has become a mirage because, from the descriptions presented in the scenario, Mrs. Jane appears to be a troubled teacher. Just like any many of her colleagues, Mrs. Jane has not been enjoying her teaching practice to the fullest because she is worried about the learners they handle. The relationship between Mrs. Jane and her Grade 5 pupils has not been a cordial one. The learners have been uncooperative and undisciplined (Chandler Dahlquist, 2014). They neither respect the teacher nor abide by her instructions because they defy whatever she tells them to do. The experiences of Mrs. Jane clearly demonstrate exactly what the primary school teachers go through. The first problem experienced by primary school pupils is indiscipline. The learners at this stage of growth tend to be disrespectful (Black Fernando, 2014). The learners do not follow the directives given by their teachers because of the feeling that it is not necessary to do so. Besides, the learners tend to be defiant and do not care about the rules that are supposed to be followed while in school. It is for this reason that these learners do not follow anything instructed by the teachers. Although school has rules that guide the teaching and learning process, the learners do not care about them no matter how important it is in their lives (Carr, 2015). This is the same challenge that is faced by Mrs. Jane. Her learners do not actively participate in classroom and fail to do assignments and submit them for evaluation within the stipulated time. These misconducts have been affecti ng the teacher and learners in equal measure. They negatively impact on the learners by hindering them from accomplishing their educational goals. On the other hand, the teacher is affected because she feels demoralized and cannot achieve her full potential as a teacher. Application of Operant Conditioning Theory The challenges faced by Mrs. Jane can be addressed by applying the principles of the Operant Conditioning theory. Operant Conditioning is a theory that was developed in 1938 by B.F. Skinner after the publication of his book called the Behavior of Organisms. According to this theory, the behavior of an individual can be enhanced or reduced by the expected outcome. Skinner based his argument on the principles of reinforcement, law of effect and intentional actions. The theory states that the behavior of a person can be influenced by the reward or punishment which can be relied upon to positively or negatively influenced an individuals conduct. When a reward is used as reinforcement, the behavior of an individual can positively change (Beckett Taylor, 2016). Meaning, a person who expects a reward as an outcome will be encouraged to behave as expected. However, if a punishment is given, the person can be discouraged from repeating the behavior because it acts as a negative reinforcement . Operant conditioning theory can help in eliciting the required behavior change in the grade 5 learners. Use of positive Reinforcement In order to bring the desired behavior change in her learners, Mrs. Jane needs to use rewards. The teacher is to use all the necessary incentives to encourage the learners to participate in the teaching and learning process. Positive rewards are required because they can help in encouraging the learners to be serious with all the activities that they are doing. The first action to take is to encourage the learners to be active participants in class activities. The learners should feel free and motivated to ask and answer questions during the lessons and group discussions (Funder, 2015). To achieve this, the teacher needs to create a favorable environment for all the learners by knowing and identifying each of them using their names. The teacher must create a good relationship with the learners because it can make them to relate without any obstacles. At the same time, any student who participates in the class discussions are supposed to be rewarded by using praise words and positive terms that can make them feel recognized and motivated to be active in class. When it comes to the issue of assignments, the learners are to be encouraged to carry out the assigned tasks by rewarding punctuality and commendable performance by the learners. Many learners who are at this stage of learning tends to fear assignments because they believe that it is bothersome, difficult, and unnecessary (Olson, 2015). This is why Mrs. Jane complained of poor cooperation from her learners as far as assignments are concerned. Therefore, what is to be done is to encourage the learners to do their assignments and reward them appropriately. When the learners efforts are recognized, they can feel motivated and encouraged to continue doing the assignments because it yields positive rewards. Special attention is to be given to the weak learners who require a lot of keenness from the teacher. Any learner who is responsible in their activities are to be appreciated by praising and thanking them for their active participation in class activities (Newman Newman, 2014). The te acher is required to create and maintain a culture of participation and responsibility amongst the learners. In order to achieve all these positive changes, the teacher is expected to introduce new rules to the learners. The learners require to be made to know that it is a mandatory requirement that they are to follow all the instructions given by the instructor. The teacher has a responsibility of come up with new rules adequately inform the learners in time. Since change is a gradual process, the teacher is responsible for coming up with new rules and gradually introduce them to the learners. The new rules must be properly outline that the learners need to be respectable people who are obliged to comply with all the directives given by the teacher without any failure (Grusec Lytton, 2012). At the same time, the learners must be compelled to be actively involved in class matters and discharge all their activities without any failure. The rules need also clearly outline that the learners should do all the assignments and submit them within the specified time duration. If this is done as ex plained, the learners will have no choice rather than engaging in the activities that are accepted by the teacher because they are associated with positive outcomes (Patton, et al., 2016). Use of Negative Reinforcements Apart from using rewards to encourage a behavior change in the learners, the teacher is encouraged to use punishment to achieve the same goals. For Mrs. Jane to successfully discharge her teaching duties, she must not only rely on the incentives, but on punishment as well (Shaffer, Kipp, 2013). Whereas incentives should be used to encourage positive behaviors, punishment needs to be used to discourage the learners and prevent them from engaging in activities and behaviors which are undesirable. The information presented in the case study demonstrates that Mrs. Jane has been battling negative behaviors such as disobedience, deliberate avoidance of assignments and class participations. Actually, these are undesirable behaviors that must not be condoned whatsoever (Shapiro Margolin, 2014). The teacher has to therefore discourage the learners from such behaviors because they do no good, but hinder the teaching and learning process. To address these behaviors, the teacher is expected to introduce punishment in the classroom. The learners who are identified to be engaging in undesirable behaviors require being punished using different strategies such as repeating the assignment, and rebuking them while encouraging their cooperative colleagues. Nonetheless, disciplinary measures are required to be done by giving mild punishment to the learners who are misbehaving (Batra, 2013). Meaning, after identifying the inappropriate behaviors that the teacher wishes to address, she does not have to severely punish the learners, but submit acceptable degree of punishment. For the punishment strategy to be successful in bringing the desired behavior change in the learners, the teacher should ensure that there is consistency in the administration of the punishment. If it is consistently done, the teacher will manage to create a culture of compliance with the learners will always believe that any deviation must be punished (McSw eeney Murphy, 2014). This can, in the long run, make the learners to refrain from any misconduct that is not accepted by the teacher. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Operant Conditioning Theory Behavior change is a complex task that is to be undertaken whenever necessary. As the instructors, teacher needs to be at the fore front of bringing the desired behavior change in their learners. To achieve this, the teacher can apply the principles of Skinners Operant Conditioning; Lawrence Kohlbergs stages of moral development; Erick Eriksons psychosocial stages of human development; Jean Piagets cognitive stages of human development, or Albert Banduras social learning theory (Day, et al., 2014). These theories have principles whose effective application can help Mrs. Jane to handle her learners. However, of all these theories, the operant conditioning theory is recommended because it is the best alternative for the grade 5 learners. The first strength of operant conditioning theory is that it encourages good behaviors in individuals. Secondly, it needs to be applied because it discourages people from engaging in undesirable or unacceptable behaviors (Sigelman Rider, 2014). The operant conditioning theory is appropriate for Mrs. Janes learners because it can be effective in encouraging good behaviors. If the teacher uses rewards and positive reinforcements, she can succeed in encouraging the learners to adopt desirable and acceptable behaviors. The use of rewards makes the operant theory to be better than other theories because it can bring a mental change in the learners. Once the learners associate a behavior with a positive outcome, they will feel motivated to engage in it because it can elicit desirable rewards (Ruan, Wu, 2013). On the other hand, the use of punishment can be used to discourage the learners from misbehaving because of the feeling that it can result into a negative reinforcement. However, th e weakness of the operant conditioning theory is that it does not guarantee success because some people cannot stop their behavior even after getting punished. Besides, the theory treats people like objects that lack autonomy and must be controlled by others. Conclusion In conclusion, Mrs. Jane does not necessarily have to give up in her teaching duties. As a professional, she has to acknowledge that primary school learners are quite challenging to manage. Therefore, to effectively teach the learners, the teacher does not have to apply the operant conditioning theory. The theory is recommended because it appears to be the best alternative for Mrs. Jane. The theory is better than other theories such as social learning and cognitive development theories which give individuals a chance to interact with the environment and learn anything be it positive or negative. For instance, Piagets theory can be faulted because it allows people to develop a schema and freely interact with the environment without any restrictions. The teacher should apply the operant theory because it will enable her to motivate the learners to refrain from bad behaviors and encourage them to adopt and maintain good behaviors that are accepted in the learning environment. However, t o achieve all these, the teacher must be consistent in the administration of rewards and punishments. References Batra, S., (2013). The Psychosocial Development of Children: Implications for Education and Society--Erik Erikson in Context. Contemporary education dialogue, 10(2), pp.249-278. Beckett, C., Taylor, H. (2016). Human growth and development. New York: Sage. Black, D. S., Fernando, R. (2014). Mindfulness training and classroom behavior among lower- income and ethnic minority elementary school children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(7), 1242-1246. Carr, A. (2015). The handbook of child and adolescent clinical psychology: A contextual approach. London: Routledge. Chandler, L. K., Dahlquist, C. M. (2014). Functional assessment: Strategies to prevent and remediate challenging behavior in school settings. Pearson Higher Ed. Day, D.V., et al., (2014). Advances in leader and leadership development: A review of 25years of research and theory. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(1), pp.63-82. Funder, D.C., (2015). The Personality Puzzle: Seventh International Student Edition. WW Norton Company: New York. Grusec, J.E. Lytton, H., (2012). Social development: History, theory, and research. Springer Science Business Media. McSweeney, F. K., Murphy, E. S. (2014). The Wiley Blackwell handbook of operant and classical conditioning. John Wiley Sons. Newman, B. M., Newman, P. R. (2014). Development through life: A psychosocial approach. New York: Cengage Learning. Olson, M. H. (2015). An introduction to theories of learning. New York: Psychology Press. Patton, L.D., et al., (2016). Student development in college: Theory, research, and practice. John Wiley Sons: New York. Ruan, X., Wu, X. (2013). The skinner automaton: A psychological model formalizing the theory of operant conditioning. Science China Technological Sciences, 56(11), 2745- 2761. Sigelman, C. K., Rider, E. A. (2014). Life-span human development. new York: Cengage Learning. Shaffer, D. R., Kipp, K. (2013). Developmental psychology: Childhood and adolescence. New York: Cengage Learning. Shapiro, L. A. S., Margolin, G. (2014). Growing up wired: Social networking sites and adolescent psychosocial development. Clinical child and family psychology review, 17(1), 1-18.

Professional School Counseling free essay sample

The 5 themes are character education, bullying, social-conflict, academics, and mental illness. Additionally, this paper will include important elements of school counselor identity, function and ethics. A section of the paper will give biblical values and insights related to the subject of professional school counseling. The experience of research has provided the reader with the personal reflections concerning school counseling and a discussion of the commitment to provide biblically grounded, ethical and empirically based services from the point of view of the writer. Introduction Children are in a society where the world is rapidly changing. Due to influx of social and economic changes and problems that are brewing within the homes of our students: these problems tend to spill over into the schools. The problems that are presented in the schools are escalating, when you think that things are improving. The purpose of this paper is to give some insight on the problems that professional school counselors faced in our schools. We will write a custom essay sample on Professional School Counseling or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Every problematic area is not covered in this paper because it is so much research on many degrees of issues that professional counselors face. We propose that with the proper training, programs and support of the schools, counselors will be able to see a positive change. History and Development The factors leading to the development of guidance and counseling in the United States began in the 1890s with the social reform movement. Formal guidance programs using specialized textbooks did not start until the turn of the twentieth century. In 1958 the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) was enacted, providing aid to education in the United States at all levels, public and private. One of the consequences was the compulsory education movement and shortly thereafter the vocational guidance movement, which, in its early days, was concerned with guiding people into the workforce to become productive members of society. The social and political reformer Frank Parsons is often credited with being the father of the vocational guidance movement. His work with the Civic Service House led to the development of the Boston Vocation Bureau (Sandhu, 2000). Guidance and counseling in these early years were considered to be mostly vocational in nature, but as the profession advanced other personal concerns became part of the school counselors agenda. Introduction of Topic Professional school counselors are certified and licensed educators with a minimum of a master’s degree in school counseling that make them uniquely qualified to address all students’ academic, personal/social and career development needs by designing, implementing, evaluating and enhancing a comprehensive school counseling program that promote and enhance student success (Sandhu, 2000). Professional school counselors are employed in elementary, middle/junior high and high schools; in district supervisory positions; and counselor education positions. Professional school counselors uphold the ethical and professional standards of ASCA and other applicable professional counseling associations, and promote the development of the school counseling program based on the following areas of the ASCA National Model: Foundation, delivery, management and accountability. Five Aspects